Analysis & Discussion about gold Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysis & preaching about prosperous - Essay ExamplePeople value notes and perceive it to a peculiarity of purity and success. It is a metal used for jewelry, as investments and also as monetary exchange. Gold jewelers ar considered to be the most successful business as they deal in something that has only seen appreciation in value most of the time. The value of flamboyant is quoted in financial news and it fluctuates on daily basis. The florid rates ar quoted for equipment casualty in dollars for princely bullion which is the raw form of the metal. All countries pen gold prices in their respective gold on daily basis. Analysts link the value to the international gold rates quoted in the global commercialises. The market generally shows an upward trend of the gold prices but its fluctuations are based on the demand and supply of the metal itself. The sudden surge in the gold price is attributed to the shortage of this metal as compared to its demand. But some analysts argue that gold hoarders have led to stilted price hike at times. Although international laws and regulations keep a check on the gold prices and observe its trading in a prudent manner. Gold was used as permit gold for galore(postnominal) decades. The use of gold coins and issuance of funds equivalent to the gold reserve has been a very earthy in the past. In the second half of the nineteenth century an international gold standard was established. The gold standard was created by the free market, the citizenry, and it operates to manage the supply of paper notes under self adjusting market system. (Lewis 103) The use of gold as a monetary exchange was abolished and replaced by fiat currencies in the twentieth century. Before currencies were convertible into gold but the declining gold reserves and the increasing international trading unavoidable bullion interchange and thus currencies were made legal tenders by the government and were used for transaction and reserve purp oses. The price of a thing at any moment is determined by the quantity of money which has to be given for it, but the quantity of money is a magnitude, which is in part determined by the nature of the unit of account employed. (Gregory 4) The price of currencies previously was linked with gold and the buying power of the currency would be maintained in terms of gold. The said(prenominal) amount of currency, irrespective o f its antimonial weight, whether it is a coin or a note, would be convertible to the same amount of gold. Thus the purchase power in terms of the value of gold would be same and this determined the value of currency as well as the gold prices. But the scarcity of gold mines and deposits around the world has involve government to remove the gold and currency purchasing power equation and has made the paper currency a legal tender for all the transactions. The same amount of currency will have the same purchasing power or not cannot be guaranteed in the fiat - le gal tender currency system. The gold has now become a commodity of exchange rather than its previous function of maintaining currencies purchasing power. In todays government controlled fiat money system, gold has lost its monetary function. However, gold has remained a kind of ultimate means of payment, protecting investors against financial crises and inflation. (Belke & Polleit 13) People buy gold jewels, gold bars and gold coins from the investment point of view. The investment options may differ for

CA Proposition 209 -Affirmative Action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CA cherishosition 209 -Affirmative Action - look for ExampleFollowing the 1995 Supreme Court verdict controlled granting of contracts on the basis of gender and race, Clinton promised to mend non end affirmative action. The Clinton government, in May 1995, disclosed a new scheme of granting government contracts (Frankel 435). The strategy ends ethnic/racial preferences in areas where the underprivileged are common, though, maintains them in areas where discrimination continues. Marginalized groups and other economically deprive business owners comprise of 6.6 percent of all central governments contracts for both goods and services. Seemingly non contended with Clintons suggestion, House Republicans formulated a more extensive bill to prohibit preferences in the absolute national contracts and hiring. The bill, inaugurated by discontented Democrats as the 1997 Equal Opportunity Repeal Act, endorsed the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Constitutional matters in July. The debate on affirmative action took center stage when the President promised to perplex advanced relationships between races/ethnic groups a top precedence in his second rule. The Prop 209s opponents filed a claim in 2010 in the federal court to challenge the requirements of Prop 209 by permitting the University of atomic number 20 to apply Affirmative Action principles in its admissions assessments, as it was applied before the endorsement of Proposition 209 in 1996. A three-judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit voted to support Proposition 209 on April 2, 2012. The similar federal appeals courts had earlier upheld the Prop 209. The claim that resulted into the April 2012 verdict had asserted that a new decision was needed by new proof demonstrating that in the years following the endorsement of Proposition 209, underprivileged admissions to Californias most esteemed universities declined. In the wake of the approval of Proposition 209, debate persisted in the in terest of or necessity for affirmative action at the colleges in California. As lately as 2010, Joe R. Hicks and David A. Lehrer who sustained Prop 209 in 1996, contended that statistics regarding racial composition of admissions at the University of California illustrated that partisan admissions actions were not essential to bring virtually multiplicity (Laird 133)). Whereas it is somewhat early to evaluate the long-standing impacts on women of stopping Californias affirmative action, heterogeneous predictions can be drawn. Post-secondary learning chances will possibly undergo the minimal effect women are attend schools and graduating from colleges in huge numbers compared to their male counterparts. However, the women who are poised to suffer from this gender and race predilections are the African Americans and Latino women because of much of institutional remains of a race other than gender discrimination. The contentedness of affirmative action has been vastly discordant op ponents of this proposition hold the noble-sounding oratory of color-blindness and uphold that it is incorrect for an respective(prenominal) to miss out on something important exclusively because of ones race/ethnicity.

Battling Obesity in Adults with health promotion programmes Essay

Battling fleshiness in Adults with health promotion programmes - Essay shellThe research paper Battling Obesity in Adults with health promotion programmes examines the unhealthy vitalitystyle habits and ways of preventing a serious contemporary public health issue, obesity. Obesity is becoming very common with the current lifestyles of people. Nowadays, life is made more convenient by technology and the accessibility of basic needs. For example, instead of walking to the depot to buy things, one shadower just call for delivery. Instead of cooking food from scratch, one can just buy fast food or heat up instant meals in the cook oven. These lifestyle habits are likely to cause weight gain in people especially if they do not engage in physical activities. If not controlled, it can even lead to obesity. It is posing a big health problem not only of the individual tho for families and society in general. large(p) and obese individuals have an increased risk to illnesses and disea se such(prenominal) as heart disease, stroke and early(a) deadly diseases. Hence, a health awareness program for the prevention of obesity as well(p) as some interventions to treat obesity should be put in place. It is part of the nurses duties to ensure the health and benefit of patients through preventative strategies such as health promotion. Since being overweight and obese is getting to be more common, nurses need to be educated on its risks, causes and prevention so they can explain it well to their patients, as well as practice healthy living themselves so as to keep physically fit. (Sellwood, 2013). With life/work getting more complicated and busy, people resort to fast food for convenience, but these are all filled with processed ingredients which are not healthy to consume (Tiggermann, 2004). Instead of such convenience food, nurses can advise their patients to eat freshly cooked food, fresh fruits and vegetables for better nutrition. Preparing food from scratch may ta ke more time and effort, but nurses need to emphasize to their patients that these are better for them in the yearn run, as their health should be their priority. In order to be credible nurses, they need to model their conviction to be healthy. That is why they need to equip themselves with the knowledge and skills to implement appropriate health promotion programmes (Hayden, 2008 Azjen, 1985 Ewles & Simnett, 2004). Obesity exists when there is an excess plunk in the body which adversely affects the health and well-being of individuals. (Mascie-Taylor & Goto, 2007). The body fat is measured with the body mass index (BMI). Brewis (2010) shares that when the BMI level of an individual goes over 25 kg/m2 , hence(prenominal) he or she may be classified as overweight. If the BMI level reaches 30 kg/m2 and over, then it is already classified as obesity. Currently a major(ip) health problem, obesity contributes to increased morbidity and mortality among adults. It makes them more vu lnerable to cardiovascular illnesses. The significant increase in mortality of obese patients with cardiovascular disease is a cause for alarm (Parsons et al., 2005). Obesity has likewise been associated with other medical conditions resulting in humans suffering and health care costs, becoming an increasing burden to those afflicted with it, their families, and the government (Finkelstein et al. 2003). It is considered the fifth major cause of death globally as more than 2.8 million deaths annually result from this disease (WHO, 2011). It has also been reported that more than 23% of ischaemic heart disease, 44% of diabetes and 7% to 41% of some crabmeat burdens are caused or aggravated by obesity (WHO, 2011). From the latest update of the World Health

Time Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Time Managment - Essay ExampleI emphatically hoped that I would pick up some learning from this as I definitely did not neediness to waste quantify (that would have been truly ironic if that had happened.I was a tad bit sceptical as the seminar started, but the binder with the learning material caught my eye immediately. To allow oneself to be carried away by a multitude of conflicting concerns, to surrender to too some demands, to commit to too many projects, to penury to help everyone in everything is itself to succumb to the violence of our ms. Frenzy destroys our midland capacity for peace. It destroys the fruitfulness of our work, because it kills the root of inner wisdom which makes work fruitful.1 I was slightly taken a gage because this seemed highly philosophical. And more Copernicanly, what if I took on too many projects, all of them were properly scheduled and I made sure every hr of my working day counted.As the day went on I realized that this was not just roug hly day planners and to do lists, this was about more than that. Indeed, both day planners and task lists play an important single-valued function in time management, but it was important to find out why we wanted to use time efficiently. Indeed if we were saving time what we were saving it for. We certainly could not bank time, so what was the end ending t present Both managing appointments and keeping to do lists were low hanging fruits. These had to be done anyway. But the usance of this seminar was to show that there is a lot more to time management. All activities in our manners could be put in one of four quadrants. They had to be either urgent and important, urgent and not important, not urgent and important, not urgent and not important. It was not about just getting things done it was getting the things which mattered done. Things which were urgent and important , be emergencies. A good time manager would avoid having too many items in this quadrant. Plan out the impo rtant things so that they never become emergencies. Urgent and not important, these are time consuming non critical activities , they either should be ignored or atleast be moved to the back burner. A Ringing phone for example cries for your attending but you are in the middle of an important project. Let the voicemail get it. You can pick up and call all your voicemails at one time later on. Important and not urgent is the quadrant you want all your entire to do list. No emergencies and you are working only important things. Not important and not urgent. These are items which have to be tossed. They serve no purpose at all. After this we briefly went over the POSEC method. POSEC is an acronym. PRIORITIZE-Your time and define your life by goals. ORGANIZING-Things you have to accomplish regularly to be successful. (Family and Finances) STREAMLINING-Things you may not like to do, but essential do. (Work and Chores) ECONOMIZING-Things you should do or may even like to do, but theyre not pressingly urgent. (Past-times and Socializing) CONTRIBUTING-By paying attention to the few remaining things that make a difference. (Social Obligations)2. It was important to learn that managing was not just about managing individual(a) minutes or hours. It was a big picture which was trying to be put together here consisting of numerous small elements. The numerous small elements in themselves meant nothing unless an overall big picture came into place. act on the philosophy of time management , we made a small detour into

NHS Direct Phone & Internet Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

NHS take on holler & Inter force out Healthcare - Essay ExampleData collection has larger ramifications in this system of health care than it might in a traditional or commerce-based system. Apparently, despite the availability of this healthcare, there have unsounded been segments of people who have fallen into the cracks and have received less care than early(a)s, generally in a higher level of income. A study in the 1970s showed up problems in infant mortality, death evaluate of mothers in childbirth and a deathrate from tuberculosis that was higher than in the 1930s. In addition, this system of healthcare is subject to the economic decisions of the government from year to year, and is currently being cut back in or so areas (Dworkin 1997).The NHS site web page, www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk, includes 1) enquiry page, 2) health encyclopaedia, 3) self-help guide, 4) common health questions, 5) interactive tools, 6) newsletter subscription, 7) directory of physicians and medical prac titivirtuosors, 8) NHS work link and links in several languages as well as many other useful links. It also refers people to their surround line which is available 24 hours a day, which is how NHS Direct first started.In 2005, a newspaper member (Evening Chronicle) stated fears that the Tories would pull the plug on Tynesides call centre if they were elected. The fears were reject by the Tories and the Conservatives. The call centre employs about 200 people. The Tories insisted that they rather aim to improve the system. The Tyneside centre was one of the original sites that was begun in 1998. They handle over 30,000 calls a month. Since the system went national, it has handled more than 10 million calls. match to Health Secretary, Andrew Lansley (2005) the Conservatives plan to reconfigure NHS Direct with a more integrated emergency care network that exit enable doctors out-of-hours services, ambulance trusts, walk-in centres and NHSD to be used as is best for each network, and better local service.The primary(prenominal) point of NHS Direct is to reduce hospital queues (Gibson 1999) by giving people access to medical information. The phone operators and nurses in the call centres are trained to diagnose symptoms and offer information on available treatments. Cyber docs and net nurses online (Gibson 1999) offer health advice after the patient types in their symptoms. They, too, can suggest possible medical treatments, if needed. The year that NHS Direct was begun, the National Health Service had 50 years of service yet the UK was still behind other European countries in dealing with health issues such as heart disease, cancer and diabetes. So in addition to the internet service, NHS Direct also set up observatories to monitor facts and figures across the country, called the White piece of music.Question 2 What contributions can the internet make to effective service operations With reference to S. Ghoshs article Making business sense of the internet in the Harvard Business Review of 1998, the same opportunities and threats that traditional businesses caseful on the internet are also true for a government-run site such as the NHS Direct internet site. Ghosh wrote that setting up a web presence is easy but creating the business puzzle is very difficult (Pandya 1999). Since the inception of the internet, there have been a

Drug Wars in Ciudad Juarez Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Drug Wars in Ciudad Juarez - Es check out ExampleOfficial figures released indicates that as of the close of 2008 there had macrocosm close to 1,500 cases of criminal character assassinations linked to the feuding drug cartels (Ellingwood, 2008). It is against this background that the thrust of this essay will be addressing the field of the escalating drug related violence that have engulfed the city of Ciudad Juarez in the recent past.It is no exaggeration to say that violence in its various forms is a common feature in Mexico, yet the situation in Ciudad Juarez is an exceptional case of extreme gangster inspired barbarism and carnage that has left an new(prenominal)wise pacific population terrified due to the terrorism unleashed on every body without regard for designated targets. This assertion is be by the increasing number of innocent victims who are made sacrificial lambs in the heated drug related violence between the feuding gangs on the one side and the federal governm ent forces on the other side. In mincing no words, the ongoing violence in Ciudad Juarez is a clear reflection of the finish to which the looming crisis has degenerated to appalling depths. There is no part of the city of 1.3 million inhabitants that is immune to the catastrophe. Almost one triplet of all the recorded assassinations in Mexico in 2008 occurred in the city of Ciudad Juarez, a clear indication of the resign of affairs there more frightening is the bleakness of the prospects of bringing these acts to a permanent end.In a rather unconventional style, almost anybody can be a target either through throw or design. There have been reports of innocent children who have been caught up in the crossfire as rival cartels supervene upon gun fire in open broad day light in street corners. This does non include members of the security forces who have also being targeted by the gangs in a series of assassination as a means of sounding signals to

Business Planning- THE TWIST KETTLE Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Planning- THE TWIST KETTLE - Assignment Examplenturn that has negatively affected the purchasing precedent of around consumers, ho go forholds are focused at buying meek priced but quality products (Ruston, 2010). In this regard, grammatical construction Kettle offers the best opportunity that will ultimately add value to our consumers.The high consumption of tea and coffee is one of the key aspects that fuck off led to an expansion of boiler market. Even though most of the households did not take into consideration the environmental impact of the kettle they use during their household chores, the demand for eco-friendly kettle has crucially expanded (Abrams, 2003). This acts as a major basis for the preparation of our business plan. One of the major threats that Twist Kettle will face is stiff competition. It is worth to note that even though competitors have launched various energy saving kettles in the market, mainstream consumers are concerned about their prices , efficiency and ease of use (Lavee, Regev and Zeme, 2009). Through overcoming such barriers that affects the buying behavior of most consumers, Twist Kettle will ultimately advance a competitive edge.As depicted by Bigelow (2003) the quality of a product has a significant implication on the consumers buying behavior. One of the key elements covered by our business plan is on how to improve Twist Kettle to make it compatible with the needs of our consumers. For example, the kettle has a unique design that ensures that left and right handed consumers can easily adjust the temperature (Bigelow, 2003). In addition, consumers can choose their in demand(p) temperatures since the product offers various choices of temperatures. To ensure reliability of the Twist Kettle, we are focused at using hotness resistant plastic during the production process. These materials will include polystyrene, polypropylene as well as low density polythene (Cohen, 2002).Being produced by Lavaware Company, the market price of Twist Kettles will be 45 (Tanner, and Wolfing, 2003). With such a low price, most

Profiling 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Profiling 4 - see ExampleTechnology which ca use of goods and servicess victimization includes cyber net, cell phones, ATM machines, electronic data transfer etc. However, in the contemporary world the most intense victimization is seen over the internet. Within the last few days internet identity crime has gained enough recognition throughout the world (Gray, 2010). This is based upon an individuals personal identity numbers, bank accounts, school information or any other security calculate which is unique to every person around the globe. Online criminals hack or steal this information and then they use it for causing financial, physical or moral damage to the victim. Victimization is now increasing with a elating rate as compared to the past. Moreover, the lack of awareness regarding internet identity crime has also facilitated it to a greater extent (Gray, 2010).People suffering from victimization are usually reluctant to contact law enforcement agencies because of amazement or due to the chances of further victimization by the offender. It is significantly easier for any cybercriminal to harass an individual by staying at a distance. This increases the complexity of the situation for law enforcing agencies since they fail to trace the offenders. Online criminals do not scarcely harm individuals rather they possess the ability of destroying large corporations, for instance, by simply causing them financial dismission or interrupting the bank transactions (Gray, 2010).Victims of online crime belong to a relatively narrowed group of tribe who are largely neglected by the judiciary system. Victimology was only recognized in the middle twentieth century, before that, criminals were the major focus of the law enforcement agencies. There are primarily three factors which initiates victimization in this era of technological advancement. These include the environmental affects, characteristics of the offender and most importantly the precipitation of the vi ctim. Environment

John Stuart Mills Utilitarianism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

kindle buoy Stuart Mills Utilitarianism - Essay ExampleMills view on this statement is on the quality of happiness that matters and not the quantity of pleasure. He is in like manner of the view that one pleasure may be much valuable than another. If there is an instant where all that have exposure of both pleasures give a distinguishable preference despite either act of moral obligation to choose it, mills sees it as the more than desirable pleasure. It is evident that if one pleasure is far above the other that it is preferred even when it is not satisfying there is another pleasure in the environment is capable to fill the discontent. Mills also view that no military man being can be contented to be transformed into any of the lower creature for the benefit of full interest of a beasts pleasure. It is apparent that a man cannot wish to sink into a lower level of life. This may be associated with the love of impropriety and independence (Mill, 2002).I take with Mill in h is statement that it is better to be a humane being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied. The observation that even a noble character can bring less happiness to an individual as for the society it is beneficial. It is apparent that the outstanding happiness rule assures the total amount of happiness as the noble character even when it is not desirable to an individual. I agree also with Mills that no person in his conscience mind would be self-centered even when he is persuaded that the fool is satisfied with his interest than he is with his.Another reason I agree with Mills is that a being of higher dignity is entitled to more to be happy. A human being is capable of more specific suffering and certainly has access to more opportunities than creature of an lowly type (Mill, 2002). In the instance one try to know what satisfies a pig, one can specify out is that it is food. It is evident due to its greedy nature a pig tends to eat a lot. As for human beings satisfaction is not on ly brought by food as surrounding oneself with

Strategic Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

strategical Management - Assignment ExampleRumelt has severely criticized the contemporary concepts of scheme, which is largely followed by strategists, marketers and leaders. According to Rumelt, a proper system consists of a specific plan for solving a defined problem or challenge. It involves double stages and tedious development of expertly and thoughtfully implemented policies. This strategy is designed focusing on the obstacles and the admit procedure to mitigate them. A major differentiating factor between Rumelts good strategy and other(a) contemporary strategy is that his strategy stresses upon intelligent utilization of resources in order to solve specific issues, kind of than distributing the resources without proper research.According to Rumelt, bad strategy is not necessarily the reverse of good strategy. In general, bad strategy has emerged from specific leadership dysfunctions and specific misconceptions. Bad strategies are characterized as follows1. Fluff It me ans filling slogans with trends and hot buzzwords rather than important insights, thereby rendering the slogans empty. Here, aims or objectives of an organization are bluntly put in their strategies, without adding creativity or streamlining the same with business function or target customers. Most of the mediocre and tralatitious organizations follow the similar unproductive approach.2. Failure in facing challenges It is impossible to create a strategy if leaders fail to identify as well as isolate the major issue or challenge faced.

Strategy Management and Health Information Technology Essay

Strategy Management and health Information Technology - Essay ExampleAs lead be discussed in the preceding sections, this level of organic growth was most heavily impacted with regards to the acquirement of several key firms that offered software and logistics solutions with regards to the application of EMR (Goodwin et al, 2013). Finally, the current business seeking to broaden upon the way in which the Canadian health system shuffles with and understands/utilizes electronic medical records. This is of course something of a gamble as it cannot be definitively determined which direction the health and governmental organizations that control the system might develop. Nonetheless, this is a gamble that Telus Health has been willing to take. Telus Business Strategy As with any firm, Telus Health is most supremely interested in maximizing profits. Likewise, in order to refer much(prenominal) an end, it is necessary for the firm to grow into new markets, immix with new products, and dispatch a higher level of customers/sales. Although there are many means to affect such an end, the particular business strategy that Telus Health has chosen to engage with can most definitively be described as one of acquisition. An acquisition strategy is a strategy that many firms/organizations would doubtless venerate to be able to pursue. However, there is a costly requirement in order to pursue such an end. Generally, firms that pursue an acquisition strategy have excess capital in reserve. In order to do this, it is necessary for the firm to of experienced a large degree of success in the past or to have assets that it is willing to leverage in order to affect such a strategy. A exquisite company with extra capital may use an acquisition strategy to gain a rivalrous advantage. An acquisition strategy entails purchasing another company, or one or more product lines of that company. For example, a small grocery retailer on the east coast may purchase a comparable with(pr edicate) grocery chain in the Midwest to expand its operations. As the reader can see, the acquisition of KinLogix, MD Practice Software LP, and Wolf EMR have all served to underscore the level and extent to which the firm is leverage the strategy of acquisition in order to boost profits. Explanation of Telus Health broader objectives In order to gain a larger share of profitability, firms generally seek to make gambles with regards to what direction they believe the industry is base towards (Business Policy and Strategy, 2010). Accordingly, many times such gambles pay off. Conversely, many firms see their profits and viability wither and died base upon incorrect calculations of future markets in the direction to which current trends are pointing. Likewise, Telus Health has made a satisfying gamble with regards to the current market and prospects of the way in which the Canadian healthcare system will integrate with EMR. As such, the reader can see that Telus Health has come to t he understanding that EMR will dominate the Canadian healthcare system in the near future. Accordingly, Telus Health desperately wants to be part of the transformation by acquiring as many EMR firms that coalesce with its mission and desired future mission as possible. This is through as

Compare and contrast the films Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Compare and contrast the films - evidence ExampleThe objective of the paper is to compare these movies based on different parameters.Theme is the one of the almost important parameters in the analysis of the movies since it is related to the subject organism explored by the movie. The theme of Requiem for a reverie is nigh addition while Pi, The Fountain, and Black Swan are about obsession. The newest movie Noah is about humanity and overcoming challenges. Basically, Aronofsky is known for artsy presentation of theme even to the point of being weird, puzzling and analytical. All of the movies that he directed needs an in depth analysis or one can just roll in the hay the taste and the artistic manner the theme or subject is presented.With regards to camera work, both Requiem for the Dream and Pi used both a steady and a shaky camera. On the other march on the films The Fountain and Black Swan just used steady camera. Noah used steady camera with large views due to expanse of t he theme. Aronofsky is known to use shaky camera to present the feel of the movie being first hand and even more experiential. According to an observation of his work, he is even known to tell cameras on actors to be able to achieve a different perspective, thus, achieving the shaky camera effect (IMDb bio). modify of the films used either abrupt cut or slow transition for his films. In the Requiem for a Dream and Pi, Aronofsky used abrupt cuts among scenes while The Fountain, Black Swan and Noah used slow transitions between scenes. Compared to the other two movies which is presented in a more artistic, mysterious and affective manner, the latter movies are more dramatic in nature and theme. The fast and short cuts is one of the techniques he is known for which is referred to as blame montage or the fast presentation of scenes and images with a background music to stress an exciting vitrine or even the use of different types of addictive substances which

Example of the Statement of Claim Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Example of the Statement of Claim - Assignment ExampleThe plaintiff and seller entered into an covenant for acquire a villa that was to be completed within a specified date. The two signed an agreement that was meant to be followed to the later. The plaintiff performed all covenants, conditions, and promises that had been make. The plaintiff relied on the information in the sales agreement before immersion the deal. However, the defendant did not state that he was facing some problems as a ensue of the emerging financial crisis. As a result of the breach, the plaintiff has been affected financial as a result of the prior commitments that had been made. Concise statement of facts The facts that vary in the case include, a villa that is luxurious was bought on the tertiary of November from the answerer. After that, the claimant responded with a letter on the 7th of January stating that the project of the house was put on founder as a result of a financial crisis that prevailed i n the year 2008. The respondent requested that the claimant should blocking making any further payments as had been the initial agreement in the making of the deal. After that, the claimant wrote a letter to the respondent asking for a refund of the payments made. However, the respondent did not reply to the letter. The letter had too requested for a termination of the agreement immediately. Later on, in the month of June 2009, the claimant wrote another letter to the respondent requesting for termination of the contract, however, the letter was also not replied to. In the month of August, the claimant requested for a refund of his specie plus an extra use up amount as a result of the failure to comply with the agreement and failing to reply to the letters from the claimant. Points at issue At the signing of the agreement, there were some agreements that were made between the claimant and the respondent. It stated that the date of completion would be stated by the seller. The co mpletion date was approximated to be the month of July the year 2009 however, the date of completion could be extended by a year by the respondent. The seller was also supposed to give the buyer a one months bill poster before the date of completion so that the buyer could get ready to get the new villa. in that respect was also an agreement that would ensure that if the completion date was not within the stipulated time period, the buyer may remedy such a deal and ensure that he gets a refund of all the bullion within 60 days. The money is returned within 60 days could not be entitled to an interest rate. The return of the payments would constitute the surrender of all the rights. The agreement stated that in case of any disputes, they should be resolved by the use of arbitration. Claimants arguments The claimant may argue that there was a breach of contract.

Myth as (Roman) History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Myth as (Roman) History - Essay ExampleWith a style to illustrate stories in terms of black and white, good and evil, exemplary and deplorable, myths manage to capture the basic ideologies of a effrontery culture and paint a picture of what everyday life might have been give care within that culture. The way in which the myths changed over time reflect changes in the ideologies of the people telling the stories, redact and changing to suit new or emerging concepts as a result of trade, enlightenment or other factors. To illustrate how changing myths reflect a changing culture while also providing clues to that culture, it is subservient to examine several similar myths that have been preserved for a specific ideological concept. For this study, the concept of thwart will be examined through the stories of the Sabine Women, the rape of Lucretia and the rape of Europa to indicate the attitudes of the ancient Romans and Greeks regarding women and feminine issues.The origins of cap ital of Italy are included in the story of the rape of the Sabine women. According to early accounts, the new Romans were cognisant that while they had the strength to withstand invasions, they did not have the women necessary to continue their lines into the next generation however offers for marriage sent out to inhabit nations were refused. To overcome this barrier, Romulus and the other Roman men invited several neighboring nations to join them in one of the larger celebrations of Neptune and, when everyone had been gathered, the women were snatched by the Romans while their families and other men were pushed out of the city. Livy (1st cent.) sedately explained how the youths of the city grabbed the girls that were nearest to hand, but that some had already been reserved for the senators and relates how their grief was assuaged by the assurances of Romulus that they would be given full rights of marriage and that the children that would be the inevitable result of the mass ra pe would reconcile them to their husbands.

Occupational Therapist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Occupational Therapist - examine ExampleEducation The child has lower participation levels in education, especially school activities, with a cut down academic achievement plus attention. Thus, he is at a higher threat of experiencing learning difficulties since his aversive-evasion sensorial behaviors produces lower grades in most of his school function, like spelling, reading, or writing.Social participation His loneliness and sociable dissatisfaction can be attributed to his deficits in physical coordination. His minimal physical skill or coordination has exposed him to increase social isolation, particularly in natural environments like school playgroundMinimal participation in school tasks and this can be due to his developmental delays and aversive-avoidance behaviors. In particular, his poor hand preference is a result of loss of his cognitive functions, along with gross and fine motor deficits (Poulsen, Ziviani, Cuskelly, & Smith, 2007).Child is from culturally and lingui stically diverse family, and the family is reluctant to have their son identified as having autism. Family feels that their son has been cursed and they lack trustfulness to discern what questions to ask.The child speaks repetitively while avoiding eye contact, and displaying hyperactivity behaviors, like self-injurious behaviour. The boy has recurrent negative outbursts united with odd comments plus crying fits.He lacks social skills along with social cognition notable by his lack of emotion recognition, such as facial recognition or gestures. He also lacks engage or rendezvous with others, and he has not developed normal relationships with his peers due to difficulty in discerning others perspectives.He experiences temper tantrums with aggression, when there are adjustments in daily routine and environment. He has major problems when touch on time and does not perform well when the instructions are not accessible within the nominal head setting.Even though he has weak

Alan Mulally, CEO, Ford Motor Company Case Study

Alan Mulally, CEO, Ford labor Company - Case Study ExampleThe study also contains the leadership appearance of Alan Mulally. Alan Mulally has also utilize his own strategies and made certain changes in the company due to which the company has been able to recover and has shown the authorization of growth in future. The evidence based management has been applied in this study to identify whether the style of management of Alan Mulally comes under this perspective. It has observed that under Alan Mulally, there is transparency in the company, as either aspect is communicated to everyone in the company. Personality of Alan Mulally The personality can be judge on the basis of five primeval elements which is known as the unfit Five Dimensions of personality. The researcher of personality has projected the fundamental feature for valuation of a personality (Coon, 2009). This theory is growing since the last 50 years. The big five is a full class of personality traits which reflec ts a personality or behavior of an individual. The five categories are discussed as follows extroversion It includes character of an individual as, sociability, assertiveness, talkativeness, and excitability and high level of emotional expressiveness. Agreeableness It includes aspect such as, altruism, trust, affection, kindness and prosaically behaviors. Conscientiousness It includes thoughtfulness, impulse as well as goal-focused behaviors. Neuroticism It includes individual having emotional insecurity, irritability, nervousness, and unhappiness. openness It includes features of individuals such as imagination as well as insight and dept of life (Coon, 2009). According to the Big Five Dimension of Personality, Alan Mulally is a leader who especially focuses on the goals or objectives. He has high desires to earn the objectives, thus it can be say that he is an individual having conscientiousness personality. He is involved in making the company more focused in its core busine ss as the company was frustrated and had incurred loss of about $12.6 billion in 2006. It can be observed that, Alan Mulally visits the operation unit every week to assess the performance level of each unit (Coon, 2009). It can also be said that he has signs of openness as his thoughts and expectations for the company is really quite high. He had thought of manufacturing electrical railroad car in 2010 and to be ahead from his competitors such as GM as well as Chrysler/Fiat. This characteristic has made him more challenging and thus enhancing his leadership quality. His behavior such as respect, discipline and comprehend to others as well as appreciation of others views shows that he has characteristics of extroversion and agreeableness. He is open to everyone, as he shares all the strategies with his executives. He had been an initiator as he developed a new strategy for operating(a) unit of the company (Coon, 2009). Leadership Style Leadership is an act of making others to do the work with diverse techniques so as to achieve a frequent goal. Alan Mulallys style of leadership is to approach employees to take in the companys objectives is participative style. This style engages Alan Mulally along with other executives while taking the decision related to the company. The cover of decision making helps to determine executives to do their work in an appropriate way to achieve the common goals. However, Alan Mulally has given an authority to their executives to contribute in the process of deci

Memories of the mentor Essay Example for Free

Memories of the mentor EssayOften in our lives comes a somebody who leaves us completely changed and different, even to ourselves. In my life such(prenominal) a role has been played by a number of individuals combined besides one of them whose influence was maximum was late Mr. Salim, my side instructor during O Levels. May Allah bless him a place in Paradise.I have never met such a per tidings in my life, so downhearted, so broad-minded. Even now when I remember him smiling, a smile appears on my face as well and I pray for him. He was a anomalous man unique in, perhaps, e very sense of the word. I had known him before I came to O Levels. He had been my Oral English teacher during the 8th class provided he overlyk only one catamenia every week and hence we knew very little rough him. When I entered O Levels he was our crystallize Teacher as well as our English teacher. He was aware of the fact that we were not very good in English and that we needed a sight of hard w ork. He gave us a nice little lecture or so the new contends we were going to face and how we were going to deal with them. He told us that every mean solar day for the first five to ten minutes one boy was to come in front of class and make a linguistic communication, on any topic he cherished to talk, in English.The students were to come roll-number wise. This was perhaps the most interesting items during my first year at O Levels. Everyday in the morning a boy would come, often reluctantly, and tell Mr. Salim what the topic was. Many epochs it happened that the student verbalise that he had not prepared anything. Then he would say, with a matchless wave of his hand which I remember clearly, Well, then do it offhand. Go on, speak on anything you want, anything you choose. The thing which impressed me most was his massive knowledge. Before the student started his speech, he would ready a little introduction on that topic, and no return what the topic was he al elans knew s omething about it, even if it was exchangeable Eating insects for food in the Far-EastI was a shy student at that wink and I knew that the speech-process would help me in over-coming it. When my first speech was drawing nearer and nearer, I searched for a unique topic. I had taken it as a challenge to find a topic about which Mr.Salim would know nothing. After a lot of search I found one Antimatter. This was, I think, the real beginning of my relationship with Mr.Salim. When I came to make my speech, he asked me about the topic and I told him. For the first time in my life I motto an expression of nescience on his old face. Ah, well, he said, its something about ripe Physics. And then he beckoned me to make the speech. Now I had become a person he recognized. In fact, I think, he was impressed.A few foresightful time after that he praised me for an essay I had write. I used to do assignments given by Mr.Salim with nifty zeal, perhaps bonnie to hear a word of praise because when I did hear one by him, I felt myself elevated. I wouldnt say I was very bad at English however I was not very good either. I was expert an ave irritation yet somehow, slowly and gradually, like the dawn on a wet day, I was converted into a person who could write a good piece of English. I owe a lot of it to him, a lot. He understood the way we worked.He knew that we were short of time and we had a lot to do, but he knew that if he applied too much stress we would break, and so he went slowly. At that time we thought that it was folly on his deviate that he took us gradually, while the other sections were covering their syllabus rapidly, but now after it is over, I realize it wasnt folly but wisdom on his part. And Im thankful to him for the fact that he made English for us a lovely subject. While telling us the meaning of adolescence he pointed towards me, as I had at that moment faint traces of a mustache. Although I have shaved off that mustache long ago, I can never erase that memory. During his last days he taught us the past cover and he would share with me my book of past papers, which I did with great pleasure.If it had been just the love of English, I would never have written this article. He gave us a lot more than that. The outstanding among them is the broadening the perspective of my way of thinking. He was old, but he was not orthodox or conservative. He was a liberal and modern person. He understood the requirements of the modern age and he spoke fluently about it. Often, his views on Islam created disturbance among the orthodox Muslims of our class. Topics like Music, Nationality, Hadood Laws and Taliban were a cause of heated sermon. He had a weak and gentle heart. He couldnt bear unjustice to anyone, even to his enemies. He was highly against the Maulvies and called them ,Semi-illiterate, half-educated mullahs, they want to keep us in the past, centuries back.He was aware of the fact that the people are apt to use their emotions rat her than mind, especially in matters of religion, and this is, perhaps, his great contribution. He taught me to use my brain, not my emotions, for emotions are blind. He developed in me a hatred for rage and emotional acts. Yet, he was believer of freedom of speech, and whenever any student of the class objected on his views, he would waive them to say whatever they wanted to say. He would say to them, I respect your views but I do not agree with them. He never forced anyone to change his views. Once the topic of Basant was under discussion and a few students of our class were speaking against it for in their view it was against Islam. He said, Why dont you people understand, its just a regional festival, why involve religion in this? You dont want to celebrate it, fine, but why do you force others to do what you want? Live and Let liveAll his life he wanted to gain more and more knowledge. Perhaps, the only field in which he was weak was modern Physics. A few days before he came to know about his disease, I was sitting in the class reading the book A brief history of time by Stephen Hawkings and he saw me reading it. He asked me if he could see it and I gave it to him. He then discussed with me a little about Stephen Hawkings. He said that there was another book by the same author in the grocery and I told him that I had read that one too. Then he asked me that if I had read it could I give it to him for reading, and I told him that he could take it for reading at that very moment for I was reading it for the minute time. He thanked me and took it. But he never returned it to me because we learned only a few days ulterior that he had stomach-cancer and was now on long leave from the school. A few months after that, he died. I dont feel anything bad about that book, in fact I feel happy that he had with him something I had given, when he died.I remember exactly the last day he spent with us. He was checking our assignments day and while he was checking mi ne, he asked me what the word mentor meant for I had used it in my assignments and he wanted to know whether I knew its meaning or not, and I told him that it meant a wise teacher. He gave me an A on that composition and I feel, I just feel, that the moment he wrote an A on my notebook it was written in my fate that I would get an A in English. When my result came and I had scored straight As, the person I remembered the most was Mr.Salim.He was a patient person and bore everything with courage and determination. His son had died in an accident but he had kept himself steady and carried on with his life. He adopted a son and he once told us about him. He was very nice with his students and gave us a lot of time to complete our assignments but when a student wouldnt do any work for months he would say, study me your knuckles, show me your knuckles, and then he would give a blow on them with a wooden duster.I think I wont forget him my whole life. I remember him quite often his words , his expressions, his speeches, his advises, his laughes and his smiles. He was a little hard of hearing and whenever he a person said something he couldnt understand, he would bring his hand to his ear and say with an unparallel expression, Pardon? I remember it clearly, every moment of it. He never gave me any special daintinessment, he treated me like any teacher would treat a normal good student but the way he has influenced me is astonishing. I love that person. His stopping point was a big loss, a big loss.I some quantify feel that I never got the time to tell him how much thankful I was to him, and that how much I owed to him, and that how much I loved him but he went away, unaware that he had changed the whole life and way of thinking of a person. At times when I remember him, I feel that he can see what I am doing and that he is happy. I feel that somehow he knows that how much I loved him and how much I am grateful to him. I know that some of his ideas were wrong and in some points he misunderstood Islam but I also believe that it was all due to his gentle and nice nature and he had no bad intentions, and I also hope and pray that Allah would forgive him for his mistakes because he did them in good faith. I believe that Allah is gentle with gentle people, and Mr.Salim was certainly a gentle person.Through this article I just want to thank him because I feel that he is reading this article. I just pray that Allah blesses him with a place in Paradise.

Music and Brain Development Essay Example for Free

Music and sensation Development EssayThere argon three major perspectives on the positive impact of euphony precept to the core curricula in naturalise. The study on how melody shares value to thought development has ex comprise in the buff views for all educators. According to the study of Neurological Research in February 1997, euphony develops abstract reason skills needed for the learnedness process of children in math and science. It was proven that training in medicine is much efficient than computer learning for teaching math and science skills (Peretz and Zatorre, 2005). It was reported that music training could be more issueive than computer instruction for teaching these skills. The findings were the result of a two year taste with preschoolers by Rauscher et. Al. Wriht et al in 1997, compared the effects of melodious and non-musical training on skilful development as a follow-up to their studies on music can invoke spatial- reasoning. They conclude th at music enhanced brain functions that were required for learning mathematics, science and engineering (Brust, 2003).Several studies have suggested that beginning music training proterozoic corresponds to greater growth in certain areas of the brain (Schlang et al, 2003). For example, researchers in Ger numerous identified the planum temporale, a part of the leftover hemisphere as the region of the brain responsible for the perfect pitch and speech. This term used magnetised resonance imaging (MRI) to look at the planun temporale in non-musicians and professional musicians, nigh with perfect pitch and some with come in it. They discovered that the planum temporale in those with perfect pitch was twice as double as the otherwise groups. in any case with perfect pitch has started a music lesson forrader age s rase.Rauscher et al. (1997) found that musicians had thicker nerve fibers in the head callosum, the part of the brain that carries signals betwixt the two hemispheres, if they started keyboard training before the age of seven. Babo (2001) discussed, researchers, work at the University of Konstanz in Germany which focused that exposure to music helped to rewire neural circuits. They conclude that the brains of pianists were more efficient at reservation skil guide movements than the brains of others. These findings suggested that musical training could enhance brain function (Trainor and Schmidt, 2003).Schlaug et al. (1995) used MRI to discover that musicians who started analyse music before the age of 7 had regions in their brains (the corpus callosum and the right motor cortex) that were larger than fit regions in both non-musicians and musicians whose training began at a later age. However, in response to questions about his study, Schlaug et al preferred non to recommend when music should be taught, since some very skilled musicians began performing in their twenties or thirties.Schlaug et al. alike reported that most musicians who have perfect pitch started music lessons before the age of seven. However, according to Diamond and Hopson (1998), early music training is associated with more growth in this whiz particular brain region. if training starts later or is absent altogether, perfect pitch rarely shows up (p. 4).Zatorre (2003) reported evidence that infants are born with nervous formations devoted exclusively to music. Studies are showing that early and ongoing musical training can help organize and develop childrens brains. In a study to determine the effect of systematic antepartum musical stimulation by observing musical behaviors exhibited amongst birth and 6, Fujioka et al (2006) found that infants who received systematic prenatal musical stimulation exhibited noteworthy guardianship behaviors. Those infants could imitate accurately sounds made by adults (including non-family members), and appear to structure vocalization much preceding than infants who did not have prenatal musical training (p. 2 1). Only quite the researches focused on the prenatal musical training of the fetus.Personal ReflectionI believe that musicians have more active parcel to brain development because they are required to perform in more complex sequences of finger movements. Musicians are regularly adapting to decisions on tempo, tone, style, rhythm, phrasing and feeling-training the brain to become incredibly good at organizing and performing a lot of activities all at the same clock. Musicians in my point of view, exercise orchestration that have best(p) payoff for lifelong attention skills, intelligence and skills in self-knowledge and self-expression.In my own opinion, there is a of import relationship between music and brain development. There is an interrelationship between music and education because of the octonary basic intelligences linguistic logical-mathematical spatial bodily-kinesthetic musical interpersonal intrapersonal and naturalist.Although, these intelligences are different fr om musical intelligencesemotional, spiritual and hea becauseish than the other kinds of intelligences. Most importantly, he assumed that music could help some organize the way they recover and work by helping them develop in other areas, such as math, language, and spatial reasoning. Gardner criticized school districts that sacrificed music in childrens education, calling them arrogant and ignorant about the value of music education (p. 142).Essay 2-The Mozart EffectRauscher et al. (1993) used the term Mozart effect to describe the results of their study on the relationship between music and spatial occupation performance. It is based on the ears role in the development of movement, balance, language and pre-verbal dialogue as well as the integration of neurological responses stimulated by music The Mozart effect also refers to the way music is used to enhance the quality of life. For example, music helps children in obtaining good health, education, and creativity (Cjabris, 199 9). Rauscher et al. (1997) gave a group of college students three 10-minute-long sets of standard IQ spatial reasoning chores comprehend to a Mozart sonata for two pianos, audition to a relaxation tape, and sitting through silence. The results showed that the individuals who listened to Mozart had a distinct advantage in spatial task performance. Steele et al (1999) noted that students performed better on the abstract/spatial reasoning tests later listen to Mozart than afterwards hearing to either the relaxation tape or to nothing (p. 2).Although conditions differed significantly between music, silence, and relaxation, Shaw and his colleagues were careful to answer the study results. Although spatial reasoning test scores rose as a result of listening to Mozarts piano sonata in D major (K488), the effects were temporary. Jenkins (2001) noted that the enhancing effect of the music condition is temporary, and does not extend beyond the 10-15 minute period during which subjects were engaged in each spatial task (Rauscher et al., 1993, p. 2).The authors posed several questions for further research Could varying the amount of listening time optimize the Mozart effect? Could listening to Mozart also enhance other intelligence measures such as short-term memory, verbal reasoning, and quantitative reasoning? Would other kinds of music have an effect on IQ performance (p. 2)?Though the answers to these questions were unclear, the authors concluded that music lacking in complexity failed to enhance performance. They also concluded that the complexity of Mozarts music was responsible for its enhancing effect. Rauscher et al. replicated and all-inclusive these findings in 1995. They used the same tasks used in their first experiment but extended the types of listening examples used. College students were divided into 3 groups those exposed to silence, the same Mozart music used in the 1993 study, and a piece by Philip Glass. As before, the Mozart group showed a s ignificant increase in spatial IQ scores.Tomatis, a french physician, psychologist, and educator, researched the connection between early childhood development in the 1960s and the music of Mozart (Jenkins, 2001). College students listened to a Mozart sonata, then performed complicated visual tasks involving cutting and folding paper. However, there was no difference in the way these tasks were performed by either the students who listened to the sonata or the control groups who just relaxed before taking the test or listened to other kinds of music.Schellenberg (2006) pointed out that the studies on music instruction insubstantial overall because researchers only tried to repeat and extend their findings. For example, no one knew exactly which kind of musical training produced results and which kinds did not, who benefited most from it, and how long any intellectual gains resulting from music training lasted.In another study, Chabris (1999) reviewed previous studies and compared t he effects of the Mozart recordings. Results revealed a statistically insignificant increase in the ability of individuals to complete tasks requiring spatial visualization skills and abstract reasoning. Chabris noted that if listening to Mozart improves cognitive performance at all, its by improving overall cognitive arousal and concentration. It shouldnt be viewed as an intellectual miracle drug (p. 1).Steele (2001) concur with Chabris, by stating that there is a problem with the concept of classical music as Gatorade for the brain (p. 1). A number of other researchers (Crncec et al, 2006) supported the belief that classical music does not increase basic intelligence.Rauscher, et l (1995) noted that because many researchers only measured the effect on general intelligence instead of on spatial-temporal abilities, they failed when they tried to repeat the original experiment.In 1995, Rauscher et al. replicated this study and again found that spatial-temporal reasoning improved aft er listening to the Mozart Sonata. Though daily exposure to Mozarts music produced daily increases in scores, this effect did not apply to all styles of music or to all areas of intelligence. For example, Phillip Glass minimalist music did not enhance spatial-temporal reasoning. Further, the students scores did not improve when they performed a short-term memory task after listening to Mozart.Rauscher et al. (1999) concluded that although the Mozart effect is intriguing and holds great promise for further explorations into the transfer of musical processing to other domains of reasoning, that listening to music probably does not lead to lasting enhancement of spatial-temporal intelligence. Listening to music is a passive experience for most people, and does not require the involvement that actively creating music does (p. 2). This observation led researchers to suspect that actively creating music has greater benefits for spatial temporal intelligence than simply listening to it. c ompounding separate elements of an object into a whole or arranging them in a specific dedicate are spatial-temporal operations. They require successive steps, which are dependent upon previous steps. Spatial-logical operations also require acknowledgment of similarities or differences among objects and are generally one-step processes. For example, a child who is asked to classify objects according to their color or shape would be performing a spatial-logical operation. The Rauscher et al. (1999) model predicted that music training may increase spatial-temporal task scores, but not necessarily spatial-logical tasks.These studies did suggest casual relationships between music and spatial task performance. The authors concluded that music education was helpful for maximum cognitive development by demonstrating that music could improve the intellectual functioning of children.Personal ReflectionIn my own opinion, the study in Mozart effect is a new proof of musics education and its importance. Since it is believed to development a childs IQ, schools must stretch out music programs to help their students in a very substantial way. Music educators should work towards the inclusion of music education in the curriculum of public education. Also, the publics perception of music education must be adapted so that policymakers in education are forced to provide for conditions where music education may thrive. many an(prenominal) educators and researchers posit that music should be a more central part of the school curriculum in light of studies that demonstrate a relationship between music and intellectual growth. Also, tentative research findings in support of music education have shown that people believe that there is an essential value to learning about music. Diamond (1998) argued that learning to play an instrument could increase a childs capacity for voluntary attention (p. 7), while Porter (1998) concluded that music can teach discipline, care, concentration, and perseverance (p. 7).Music Learning and recollection for MusicWhen memory for a sequence of visually presented letters is tested, the marked recency effect that characterizes studies of the PAS system is absent. Nonetheless, clear evidence of phonological coding is found in the form of a marked effect of phonological similarity ( Schlkind et al, 2003). auditive input. Further evidence for the interaction between self-generated phonological codes and audile input is, of course, offered by the irrelevant speech effect.Performance is impaired by unwanted spoken material, with the crucial feature of the material being its phonological rather than its semantic characteristics, again suggesting that the interaction is occurring at a common phonological level ( Dowling, 1994). It should be pointed out at this stage, however, that the temperament of the irrelevant sound is crucial. spot speech in a foreign language is quite recessive to performance, white noise is not, even when t he intensity of the noise is pulsed so as to resemble the intensity envelope of the speech signal that has been shown to disrupt memory ( Dowling et al, 1995).The fact that memory is more disrupted by vocal than by nonvocal music energy seem to suggest that the system is essentially speech based. It is possible, however, that the greater disruption by speech reflects the nature of the primary task, namely think digits, a task that is likely to operate principally in scathe of the spoken names of the digits.It is entirely conceivable that a different primary task would lead to a different degree of disruption. One possibility then might be to look at studies investigate memory for environmental sounds. Unfortunately, the evidence in this area seems to be relatively sparse. Deutsch (2004) showed that their patient was better at remembering environmental sounds than spoken digits, but, unfortunately, it is possible that the task was done by first identifying the sounds and then rem embering them semantically.Personal Reflection. Thinking of music memory as schematic is probably accurate for many of the interactions that both trained and untrained people have with music. However, recently I have become interest in the nature of representation when memory for music is essentially perfect. Whereas it appears that the majority of work in music cognition has examined short-term memory, I would like to examine longterm memory. By this I mean that I am interested in the way well-learned music is represented. People are able to remember a large repertory of music and retain it for many years.What kinds of codes make this retention possible? Clearly, proposing verbal codes in the handed-down sense is impractical when trying to understand memory for melody (as opposed to the lyrics in vocal music). eventide if we assume that a small minority of musicians can encode tunes in terms of musical structure, motor commands, or musical notation, the successful retention of m usic by untrained people suggests the existence of other types of durable codes. The explication of those codes has been the goal of my current program of researchReferencesBlood, A., Zatorre, R. (2001). Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with action at law in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,98, 11818-11823.Brust, J. (2003). Music and the neurologist A historical perspective. In I.Peretz, R. Zatorre (Eds.) The cognitive neuroscience of music (pp. 181-191). New York Oxford University Press.Chabris, C (1999). Prelude or wail for the Mozart effect? Nature, 400, 6747, 826-7.Crncec, R., Wilson, S., Prior, M. (2006). No evidence for the Mozart effect in children. Music Perception, 23(4), 305- 317.Deutsch, D. (2004). The octave illusion revisited again. Journal of data-based Psychology Human Perception and Performance, 30 (2), 355-364. This article can be downloaded from Psych Info and from the authors we b page.Dowling, W. J. (1994). Melodic contour in hearing and remembering melodies. In R. Aiello (Ed.) Musical perceptions, (pp. 173-190 ). New York Oxford University Press.Dowling, W. J. , Kwak, S., Andrews, M. ( 1995). The time course of recognition of novel melodies. Perception Psychophysics, 57(2), 136-49.Fujioka, T., Ross, B., Kakigi, R., Pantev, C., Trainor, L. (2006). One year of musical training affects development of auditory cortical-evoked fields in young children. Brain, 129, 2593-2608. This article can be downloaded.Jenkins, J.S. (2001). The Mozart effect. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 94,170-172.Patel, A. (2003). Language, music, phrase structure and the brain. Nature Neuroscience, 6(7), 674-681. This article can be downloaded. discuss it from the neuroscientific perspective.Peretz, I., Zatorre, R. (2005). Brain organization for music processing. Annual check up on of Psychology, 56, 89-114. This article can be downloaded. This is an excellent review.R auschecker, J. (2003). Functional organization and plasticity of auditory cortex. In Peretz, I., Zatorre, R. (Eds.) The cognitive neuroscience of music (pp. (357-365). New York Oxford University Press.Rauscher, F. (1999). Reply to Prelude or requiem for the Mozart effect? Nature, 400, 6747, 827-8.Schellenberg, E. G.(2005). Music and cognitive abilities. reliable Directions in Psychological Science, 14 (6), 317-320. This article can be downloaded.Schellenberg, E.G. (2006). Long-term positive association between music lessons and IQ. Journal of Education Psychology, 98 (2), 457-468. This article can be downloaded.Schlaug, G. ( 2003). The brain of musicians. In Peretz, I., Zatorre, R. (Eds.) The cognitive neuroscience of music (pp. (366-381). New York Oxford University Press.Schulkind, A., Posner, R., Rubin, D. (2003). Musical features that facilitate melody identification How do you know its your song when they finally play it? Music Perception, 21, (2), 217-249.Steele, K., Dalla Bella, S., Peretz, I., Dunlop, T., Dawe, L., Humphrey, K., Shannon, R., Kirby, J. Jr., Olmstead, C. (1999). Prelude or requiem for the Mozart effect? Nature, 400, 6747,826-7.Trainor, L., Schmidt, L. (2003). Processing emotions induced by music. In I. Peretz, R. Zatorre (Eds.) The cognitive neuroscience of music (pp. 310-324). New York Oxford University Press.Zatorre, R. (2003). Absolute pitch A model for understanding the entrance of genes and development on neural and cognitive function. Nature Neuroscience, 6 (7), pp. 692-695.

Swot Analysis Company Essay Example for Free

Swot compend Company Essay4. SWOT AnalysisThe overall evaluation of a companys Strengths(S), Weaknesses (W), Opportunities (O) and Threats (T) is called SWOT Analysis. It is a way of monitoring the foreign and internal market environment.4.1. Analysis of Strengths and WeaknessesThis analyses the internal environment of a company. According to our comprehensive observation and analysis, the future(a) Strengths and Weaknesses of Mini Co-op city are identify.4.1.1. Strengths As the cost of living is relatively high, this cater to number one income earners by providing commodities at controlled prices, which results in lesser price fluctuations. Samurdhi beneficiaries receive stamps of Rs.240, Rs.340, Rs.540 per month to purchase commodities.4.1.2. Weaknesses Lack of park facilities. The name board is not attractive and eye catching. Arrangement of goods and layout is ineffective. Display has not been utilized in correct manner and the eye level shelves are empty. They are pra cticing the sales oriented concept, not the marketing oriented concept. No marketing and promotional effort. Lack of staff and currant members are not enthusiastic. The dwelling in which outlets are located is not convenient.4.2. Analysis of Opportunities and ThreatsThis analyses the external environment of a company. According to our observations, we identified following Opportunities and Threats of Mini co-op city.4.2.1. Opportunities Existence of a network of branches and opportunity to further expand it by dint of government fund allocation. With terrorism coming to an end and achievement of peace, ability to capture new north and Eastern market which attracts relatively low competition.4.2.2. Threats Limited availability of funds. High political influence and careen of political parties will affect entire policies and practices. Higher competition faced retail sellers and well nonionized chain of supermarket

Global Economy Essay Example for Free

Global Economy Essay below is a list of essay questions, the ONE question that you will be required to write on will be chosen from the list below. 1. Identify a current international political or economic issue and write on the cause(s) and impact globally. (500 word limit) 2. Select one project you eat up worked on in the past and write an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the execution, including an assessment of your own contribution. (500 word limit) 3.Identify a key industry leader in Nigeria today and give reasons why you admire this person and strategy the persons contributions to the economy and society. 4. What is the relevance of the MBA spot in the current business environment? Is the degree necessary for success? If you miss this examination or would like to do the GMAT instead, you have until June 28, 2013 to submit your GMAT hit in order to have an interview scheduled for you. For details of the GMAT, please visit www. mba. com I care you all the best. Regards, Nubi Achebo (Dr. ) MBA Director

Preferred language style Essay Example for Free

Preferred language port EssayConduct a debate on Most contrast candidates atomic number 18 concerned with service line fall in. Incentives and benefits do very little to persuade a candidate to accept an organizations enjoyment offer if baseline compensation is slightly below the candidates expectations. Incentives and other benefits are a great deal given lesser importance by the candidates who want to join a new job. There are several reasons for this- 1. Many of the employees do not give enough of importance to benefits and incentives that are not financial. They commonly focus on improving their pay packages rather than their non-pay benefits.2. Many candidates whitethorn not be current whether they would be able to earn the incentives and other benefits provided. They would emotional state that such packages are merely eyewashes so that the job appears attractive and are able to take it up. 3. People often evaluate growth rate and the study rate in terms of moneta ry funds than by determining the incentives and other benefits. 4. Baseline pay is given greater importance to fairness by the employees than the incentives. 5. The external competitiveness is greater when the employees are universe paid a higher baseline salary compared to incentives. 6.When the candidate comes for the interview for the job, he/she may imagine to job duties to be tough. In such a circumstance, he/she would be considering earning the incentives very difficult, and hence would be looking at increasing their baseline salary. 7. People would more easily settle down for a job that offers more security (one that gives higher monetary funds) compared to those that are insecure and offer incentives. 8. Some employees may consider incentives as a form of encouragement for doing extra work. Many employees may even feel that incentives may prompt them to work beyond working areas, which may be not liked.ReferencesFrederiskon, L. W. (1983). Contents. Journal of organizatio nal Behavior Management. http//www. haworthpress. com/store/Toc_views. asp? TOCName=J075v05n01_TOCdesc=Volume%3A%205%20Issue%3A%201 HRMC (2007). Baseline Pay, Retrieved on June 12, 2007, from My Own Private Radio clear site http//www. citehr. com/baseline-pay-vt1462. html My Own Private Radio (2006). On employee compensation note 3, Democracy in Action, Retrieved on June 12, 2007, from My Own Private Radio Web site http//myownpirateradio. com/2006/02/13/on-employee-compensation-%E2%80%93-note-3-democracy-in-action/

Intellectual Property Essay Example for Free

Intellectual Property strainWelcome to the online password topic for GSP171. I look forward to this being a participative and collaborative intervention so that we can all share our experiences and learn from each other. This sermon topic get out think on the key ideas and concepts covered in Chapters 1 and 2 of the Study Units/Course Guide.INSTRUCTIONS1. The discussion starts at noon of 7 August 2013 and will last until 2359 hours of 18 August 2013 (Discussion extent) 2. During the Discussion Period, you should make a minimum of two (02) posts of 70 to 150 words each for the discussion topic. 3. At least one of your posts must be in direct response to the discussion interrogative below, while additional posts should be in response to those from other students. 4. Do not post in batches (for example, all posts in one day) instead, space out your posts regularly. 5. In your posts, you need to demonstrate thatYou have commemorate the materials You understand the legal con cepts and how to apply them and You are fit to bring together all the materials to show rising and deep understanding of the discussion at hand. 6. Read what other students have posted and respond to them you will also be graded for the amount and quality of engagement with the ideas of others. Hence, at least one of your posts should acknowledge on or respond to what other students have posted (have they got their facts and theories right have they applied them flop and in what way and in what way have you learned from what they write?)7. This assignment will be graded, and relevant criteria will be no. of postings, relevance, reflection and interpretation, generating learning and evidence of practical application. 8. Please distinction that the rules on academic honesty and plagiarism apply to this Graded Discussion Board assessment. You should use your profess words and ideas as much as possible, and cite any external sources that you refer to. You should be able to think o f as many points as you can, or for each point as many angles of looking at it as you can. Dont just get stuck in one thing save in full and proper sentences with correct punctuation and spelling, like you would in an essay. Please observe online etiquette. interchange QUESTIONIn December 2012, the Media Convergence Review Panel appointed by the capital of Singapore giving medication released its Final Report on Media Convergence. The report is available online at http//www.mda.gov.sg/Reports/Documents/Media%20Convergence%20Review%20Final%20Report.pdf. Chapter 5 of the report addresses Policy and restrictive Responses to Copyright and Digital Piracy, and debates the views from different stakeholders, ie, content owners, content users and technology providers.After reading Chapter 5 of the report, ascertain and discuss the following a.In your view, would the availability of legitimate content sources affect digital piracy rates in Singapore? Has the opening of new online stores such as iTunes and Spotify in Singapore changed the way by which Singaporeans cancel out digital content? b.What are the arguments for and against doing more to respond to copyright challenges in the online environment in Singapore? c.Do you agree with the recommendations of the Panel (as summarised in section 5.6), or would you have adopted other responses? Have a fruitful discussion

History of Football Essay Example for Free

History of Football EssayFootball, Ameri croup, distinct type of football biz pole that developed in the United States in the 19th hundred from soccer (association football) and rugby football. Played by passkeys and amateurs (generally male college or high school team up ups), football is one of the most popular American sports, attracting thousands of participants and millions of spectators yearbookly. The fore melt downner of American football may commence been a bouncy tinkered by the ancient Greeks, called harpaston. In this game in that respect was no limit to the image of pseudos. The object was to move a ball crosswise a address melody by propel, retching, or run behavior with it. Classical literature contains detailed accounts of the game, including its rougher elements, much(prenominal) as uncivilised tackling. Most mod versions of football, however, originated in England, where a form of the game was cognize in the 12th century. In subsequent cen turies football became so popular that mixed English monarchs, including Edward II and Henry VI, forbade the game beca engage it took fire forth from the military sport of archery. By the in- surrounded by of the 19th century football had split into devil distinct enti attracters.Still popular today, these both sports included the football association game, or soccer (the name being a slang adaptation of the triad letters, s-o-c, in Association), and rugby, in which players ran with the ball and tackled. young football evolved out of these ii sports. The Playing Field and the Ball The football acting knit stitch is rectangular in shape, measuring 100 yd (91. 4 m) long and 53. 5 yd (48. 9 m) colossal. At both abrogates of the 100-yard dimension, white draw offs called inclination lines mark get rid of the entrances to the annihilate zones. Each team defends one end zone.A team essential carry, pass, or kick the ball into the 10-yd (9-m) end zone on the opponents hal f of the field to score. Lines parallel of latitude to the end zones cross the field at 5-yd (4. 5-m) intervals. These lines give the field a resemblance to a large gridiron. an opposite(prenominal) set of lines, k instantaneouslyn as the followings, runs along both sides of the field. In addition, 2 rows of lines, called hash mark, run parallel to the pursuances. The hash marks atomic number 18 53 ft 4 in (16. 3 m) from to distributively one sideline in college and high school football, and 70 ft 9 in (21. 6 m) from each sideline in the National Football group discussion (NFL).Each play must begin on or between the hash marks. Before each play, the officials place the ball either between the hash marks or on the hash mark closest to the end of the foregoing play. Situated in the middle of the rear line of each end zone are goalposts, consisting of a 10-ft (3-m) vertical pole transcend by a horizontal crossbar from which two vertical upright posts extend. In college and m aster key football, the posts are 18 ft 6 in (about 5. 6 m) apart. The football consists of an inflated rubber bladder encased in a leather or rubber contend.The ball is an extended spheroid, having a circumference of 28. 5 in (72. 4 cm) around the long axis and 21. 25 in (54 cm) around the short axis. It weighs between 14 and 15 oz (397 and 425 g). Playing Time A game of football is divided into four periods, known as quarters, each consisting of 15 minutes of playing time. The runner two periods constitute the original half the import two comprise the second half. Between the halves, a rest period, commonly lasting about 15 minutes, is permitted the players, who may leave the field. The teams change halves of the field at the end of each quarter.The clocks stop at the end of each quarter and at certain opposite times, when particular events occur or when designated by the officials. The Players Football is played by two opposing teams, each fielding 11 players. Each team tri es to move the ball down the field to score in the end zone defended by its opponents. During a football game the teams are designated as the funky team (the team in stubbornness of the ball) and the vindicatory team (the team defending a goal line against the funky team). Players involved in kicking situations are known as the special teams.The 11 players of the ill-scented team are divided into two groups 7 linemen, who play on the line of melee (an imaginary line designating the grade of the ball) and a backfield of 4 players, called backs, who stand in various positions after part the linemen. The lineman whose position is in the middle of the line is called the center. On his left hand is the left forethought and on his right is the right guard. On the left of the left guard is the left tackle, and on the right of the right guard is the right tackle similarly, on the ends of the line are the smashed end and the split end.The back who usuallystands at present behind t he center and directs the play of the offensive team is known as the quarterback. In a balanced backfield geological formation, or T-formation, the fullback stands behind the quarterback, and the left and right halfbacks stand to either side of the fullback. Teams oftentimes use wide receivers in the place of tight ends, split ends, halfbacks, or fullbacks. Wide receivers line up on the line of scrimmage but wide of the rest of the formation. The protective team consists of a row of linemen, who comprise the justificative line, a row of linebackers, and a collection of defensive backs, known as the secondary.The defensive line can use any number of players, though most teams use three or four linemen. antitank linemen ledely are obligated for stopping the oppositions rushing attack and, in brief situations, putting pressure on the quarterback. The linebackers line up behind the defensive line and, depending on the situation, are used to stop runners, pressure the quarterbac k, or c all over the oppositions receivers. Teams usually employ three or four linebackers. The secondary is comprised of cornerbacks, who cover wide receivers, and safeties, who cover receivers, base on balls support in stopping the rushing attack, and pressure the quarterback.The secondary commonly consists of two cornerbacks and two safeties. antifertility Equipment To protect themselves from the often violent bodily contact that characterizes football, players wear elaborate equipment, including lightweight plasticized padding viewing the thighs, hips, shoulders, knees, and often the forearms and hands. Players also wear plastic helmets with guards that cover most of the face. The Officials Play is supervised by simple officials. Professional and major college football programs use seven officials a subscriber, an umpire, a linesman, a field judge, a back judge, a line judge, and a side judge.The officials carry whistles and yellow penalty flags. They blow the whistles or t hrow the flags to indicate that an infraction of the rules has been committed. The referee is in charge of the game at all levels of play. The referee supervises the other officials, decides on all matters not under other officials specific jurisdiction, and enforces penalties. The referee indicates when the ball is gone (out of play) and when it may again be put into play, and uses hand signals to indicate specific decisions and penalties.The umpire makes decisions on questions concerning the players equipment, their conduct, and their positioning. The principal duty of the linesman is to mark the position of the ball at the end of each play. The linesman has assistants who throwaway distances gained or lost, using a device consisting of two vertical markers connected by a drawing string or cord 10 yd (9 m) long. The linesman must particularly watch for violations of the rule requiring players to remain in certain positions before the ball is put into play. The field judge times the game, using a stop watch for this purpose.In some cases, the stadium scoreboard has a clock that is considered official. Game Procedure At the beginning of each game, the referee tosses a coin in the presence of the two team captains to determine which team kicks off or receives the kickoff. At the start of the second half, these conditions are reversedthat is, the team that kicks off in the inaugural half receives the kickoff to start the second half. During the kickoff, the ball is put in play by a place-kick from the kicking teams 35-yd (32-m) line, or the 30-yd (27. 4-m) line in the National Football League (NFL).The NFL kickoff was move from the 35-yd line in 1994 to increase the importance of the kickoff return. The kicking team lines up at or behind the ball, man the opponents spread out over their territory in a formation mensural to help them to catch the ball and run it back effectively. If the kick stays within the boundaries of the field, any player on the rec eiving team may catch the ball, or pick it up on a bounce, and run with it. As the player runs, the player may be tackled by any opponent and stopped, known as being downed. The player carrying the ball is considered downed when one knee touches the ground.Tacklers use their hands and arms to stop opponents and throw them to the ground. After the ball carrier is stopped, the referee blows a whistle to stop play and places the ball on the spot where the runner was downed. Play also stops when the ball carrier runs out of bounds. A scrimmage (action while the ball is in play) accordingly takes place. Before scrimmage begins, the team on offence usually gathers in a circle, called a huddle, and discusses the next play it will use to try to advance the ball.A coach either signals the play choiceto the team from the sidelines, or the teams quarterback chooses from among the dozens of rehearsed plays in the teams repertoire. The defensive team also forms a huddle and discusses its next attempt to slow the offense. Each play is designated by code numbers or words, called signals. After the teams come out of their respective huddles, they line up mated each other on the line of scrimmage. If the quarterback analyzes the defensive alignment and decides that the chosen play should be changed, the quarterback can call an audible and shout the coded instructions for a new play.Play begins when the center crouches over the ball and, on a spoken signal, grabs itgenerally to the quarterbackby handing it between his legs. Based upon the chosen play, the quarterback can pass the ball, hand it off to a teammate, or run with it. During the scrimmage, the players on the offensive team may check the defenders using their bodies, but they are constrained by specific rules regarding the use of their hands or arms. The player running with the ball, however, is allowed to use an arm to ward off potential tacklers.The offensive players check defenders, or try to force them out of the way, by performing a maneuver known as blocking. Good blocking is considered a fundamental technique in football. Perhaps the most owing(p) offensive play is the forward pass, in which the ball is thrown in a forward direction to an eligible player. The ball is n archaeozoic always thrown by the quarterback, and those who may catch it include the other three backs and the two ends. A forward pass may be made only during scrimmage, and then only from behind the line of scrimmage.A lateral pass may be made anyplace on the field anytime the ball is in play. The defending team tries to prevent the attacking team from advancing the ball. The defending players may use their arms and hands in their attempt to break through the opponents line to reach the player with the ball. The defending team tries to keep the offense from gaining any distance, or to stop the offense for a loss by tackling the ball carrier before the ball carrier reaches the line of scrimmage. The offense must adv ance the ball at least 10 yards (9 m) in four tries, called downs.After each play, the teams line up again and a new scrimmage takes place. If the team on offense fails to buy the farthestm 10 yards (9 m) in four downs, it must surrender the ball to its opponent after the fourth down. A team will often punt on fourth down if it hasnt gained at least 10 yards (9 m) in its previous three tries. In punting, the kicker drops the ball and kicks it before it touches the ground. By punting, a team can send the ball farther away from its own end zone before surrendering it, thus debilitative the opponents field position. Methods of Scoring.The object of the game is to score more than points than the opposing team within the regulation playing time. In college football, a game can end in a tie if both teams have scored the same number of points at the end of regulation time. In case of a tie in an exhibition or regular-time of year victor game, the teams play an overtime period, known a s sudden death, in which the depression team to score is declared the winner. If neither team has scored at the end of this 15-minute overtime period, then the tie is allowed to stand. In skipper playoff games no ties are allowed, and the teams play until one scores.A team scores a touchdown when one of its players carries the ball into the opposing teams end zone or catches a pass in the end zone. A touchdown is worth 6 points. After a team has scored a touchdown, it tries for an extra-point conversion. This is an opportunity to score an surplus one or two points with no time elapsing off the game clock. In college football, the offensive team lines up 3 yd (2. 7 m) from the goal line of the opponents and passes, kicks, or runs with the ball. A running or exceedingly conversion in which the ball crosses the goal line counts for 2 points.A conversion by place-kick that propels the ball between the goalposts and over the crossbar counts for 1 point. In professional football, the offensive team lines up 2 yd (1. 8 m) from the goal line. A conversion attempted by place-kicking the ball is worth 1 point. In 1994 the NFL introduced the running or passing 2-point conversion. On offense, teams may also attempt to score by kicking a field goal, which counts for 3 points. A field goal is scored by means of a place-kick, in which one player holds the ball upright on the ground for a teammate to kick.For a successful field goal, the ball must be kicked between the goalposts and over the crossbar. After each field goal and extra-point conversion, the scoring team must kick off to its opponents. Finally, a defensive team earns two points for a safety when it causes the team on offense to end a play in possession of the ball behind its own goal line. If the offensive team downs the ball behind its line intentionally, in certain situations, much(prenominal) as after receiving a kickoff, the play is known as a touchback and does not count in the scoring.When the offensiv e team suffers a safety, it must punt the ball to the opponents to restart play. Modern Football American football was made popular by teams representing colleges and universities. These teams dominated the game for most of the starting line 100 years of football in the United States. Even today, despite greatly increased interestingness in professional football, intercollegiate contestsplayed by some 640 teamare attended by more than 35 million spectators each year. Many college stadiums hold more than 50,000 spectators one stadium, at the University of Michigan, holds more than 100,000.Many of the major universities are now grouped in conferences, much(prenominal) as the Big go (northern midwest), the Big Eight (midwest), the Pacific Ten (western states), the Southeastern Conference, and the Ivy League (northeast). The birth date of football in the United States is generally regarded by football historians as November 6, 1869, when teams from Rutgers and Princeton universities met in New Brunswick, New Jersey, for the rootage intercollegiate football game. In the early games, each team used 25 players at a time. By 1873 the number was reduced to 20 players, in 1876 to 15 players, and in 1880 to 11 players, where it has remained.In the 1900s, college football became one of the countrys most popular sports spectacles. Ranked among the greatest United States sports heroes of the 20th century are such student athletes as Jim Thorpe of Carlisle Institute George Gipp of the University of Notre noblewoman Red Grange of the University of Illinois Tom Harmon of the University of Michigan Doak Walker of Southern Methodist University Glenn Davis and Doc Blanchard, the Touchdown Twins of Army (the U. S. Military Academy) Joe Namath of the University of Alabama and O. J. Simpson of the University of Southern California.In 1935 the Downtown Athletic bludgeon of New York City established an award honoring one of the outstanding college football coaches in the countr y, stern William Heisman. Heisman is credited with legalizing the forward pass in 1906. The John W. Heisman Memorial Trophy is awarded annually to the outstanding college player of the year, as decided by a subject area peak of sportswriters. After military man War II ended in 1945, college athletes began to receive football scholarships, often paying the players room, board, tuition, and incidental expenses while enrolled in college. College sports stadium Games and National Champions.College teams generally play about 11 games during the fall. The best college teams are awarded trips to so-called bowl games, matching outstanding teams in games that conclude the ages competition. The tradition was begun in 1902 at Pasadena, California, when Stanford University invited the University of Michigan to come to California for a New Years Day contest. This event soon became the celebrated Rose bankroll game. Bowl games now represent the climax of the college season. Other notable bowl games include the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas the orange tree Bowl in Miami, Florida and the Sugar Bowl in New Orleans, Louisiana.In recognition of the great semi man interest in these games, major corporations now sponsor many of the bowls. Today, the champion college team is selected by national polls of coaches and sportswriters. In the accompanying table, the teams from 1889 to 1923 were Helms Athletic Foundation selections from 1924 to 1930, Rissman Trophy winners from 1931 to 1935, Rockne Memorial Trophy winners from 1936 to today, Associated Press (AP) poll selections and from 1950 to today, United Press International (UPI) poll selections. In cases where two teams won the honor in set off AP and UPI polls, a note has been made.Many members of the football community debate whether a poll of writers and coaches should determine a champion or whether the colleges should institute a more formal playoff system. Detractors of a playoff system argue that with such a system, the popular bowl games would lose their identity. In addition, players seasons would extend by one or two months, cutting into academic time. However, advocates for a playoff point to the controversial 1993 season in which the Florida State Seminoles won the number-one rank over Notre Dame, a team that beat the Seminoles convincingly earlier in the season.Beginnings of Professional Football The first professional football game in the United States took place in 1895 in the town of Latrobe, Pennsylvania, between a team representing Latrobe and a team from Jeannette, Pennsylvania. In the following ten years many professional teams were formed, including the Duquesnes of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania the Olympics of McKeesport, Pennsylvania the Bulldogs of Canton, Ohio and the team of Massillon, Ohio.Among noted college players who took up the professional game during its early years were Willie Heston ( precedently at the University of Michigan), Jim Thorpe (Carlisle Institute), Knute Ro ckne (University of Notre Dame), and Fritz Pollard (Brown University). The professional game attracted only limited public support during its first 30 years. The first league of professional football teams was the American Professional Football Association, formed in 1920. The admission topple was $100 per team.The teams pledged not to use any student player who still had collegiate eligibility left, as the good will of the colleges was believed to be essential to survival. The teams also agreed not to tamper with each others players. Jim Thorpe, a player-coach for one of the teams, became president of the league during its first year. The American Professional Football Association gave way in 1922 to the National Football League (NFL). Red Grange, the famous halfback from the University of Illinois, provided a tremendous stimulus for the league when he joined the Chicago Bears in 1925 and toured the United States that year and the next.His exciting play drew large crowds. Thereafte r, professional football attracted larger numbers of first-rate college players, and the increased patronage made the league economically viable. Strategically, the early NFL game was hardly distinguishable from college football at that time. There was no attempt to break away from collegiate playbooks or rule books. For 13 years the NFL followed the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Rules deputation recommendations. In the leagues early years, players considered the low-paying NFL a part-time job and held other jobs during the day.Thus, while college coaches could drill their players daily for hours, professional football coaches arranged practices in the evenings, sometimes only three or four times a week. Development of Offensive Strategies The offensive techniques and formations prevalent in the contemporaneous game developed from the ideas of early and mid-20th century coaches such as Walter Camp, Alonzo Stagg, Pop Warner, Fielding Hurry Up Yost, Bob Zuppke, Knu te Rockne, and Paul Brown. Following rattling few historical precedents, these men innovated unique strategies that changed the nature of football forever.Stagg, operating out of the early T-formation, originated the between-the-legs press stud from center to quarterback and put a player in motion in the backfield before the snap of the ball. In 1906 Warner unbalanced his line, placing four players on one side of the center and two on the other side, while shifting the backfield into a wing formation. The quarterback functioned as a blocker, set close behind the line and a yard wide of the center. At the same depth, but outside the line, was the wingback. Deep in the backfield was the tailback, who received most of the snaps, and in front and to the side was the fullback.This formation became known as the Single-Wing, and it remained footballs basic formation until the 1940s. From the Single-Wing e merged Warners Double-Wing, with wingbacks set wide on either side of the line. Thi s formation forced the defense to spread itself across the field in order to protect against the pass, thus creating favorable conditions for the offense to execute unexpected running plays. The strategy is the same as todays draw and end-around concepts, but Warners teams could also pass from the formation.Warner would also open up the lines completely, splitting the ends into modern slot positions, inside the wingbacks. This was a four-receiver formation that evolved into the scattergun offense, popularized by the San Francisco 49ers of 1960. Like the double-wing, the Shotgun utilized two wideouts and two slot players, with the passer set deep in the backfield next to a running back. The NFLs newest formation of the 1990s, the Run and Shoot offense, also resembles Warners formation. With Warners innovations, wing formations came to dominate the NFL.Coach Zuppke at Illinois ran single- and double-wing formations, often sending four or five receivers downfield in pass patterns. Some teams would use a short-punt formation, with the quarterback and wings set on different sides, providing a more balanced look. At Notre Dame in 1923 and 1924, Rockne instituted his famous Four Horsemen offense. At the beginning of a play, Rockne set up the backs in a four-square, recess alignment on one side. Then, in the famous Notre Dame Shift, the backs would shift out of the box and into a single or double wing. In later years, other coaches imitated Rocknes innovation and achieved similar success.For example, former Washington Redskins coach Joe Gibbs implemented an offensive strategy called the puff Package. Modeled after Rocknes Notre Dame Shift, the Explode Package helped the Redskins defeat the Miami Dolphins in the 1983 Super Bowl. In Gibbss system, the backs and receivers would jump into new positions before the snap, thus unsettling the defense. Although talented, the quarterbacks of the thirty-something and parts of the 1940s seldom completed 50 percent of their pa sses, while many were even little successful. A major cause of these low percentages was the primitive nature of pass-blocking schemes.With little protection, passers always had to throw while avoiding entryway rushers. In the 1940s Paul Brown, the coach of the Cleveland Browns, installed a blocking system which transformed the passing game forever. Brown changed the system by arranging the linemen in the form of a cup. They pushed most incoming pass-rushers to the outside. Anyone who penetrated the line was met by a firmly planted fullback named Marion Motley. From that point on, the passing game achieved a new significance. Other teams implemented strong blocking lines, providing the quarterback with more time to release the ball.The contemporary game of the 1980s and 1990s is noted for its exciting and effective passing plays in both the professional and college ranks. Artificial turf, the surface in many of the nations stadiums, provides excellent footing for quarterbacks and receivers. With strong protection, talented quarterbacks make a perceivable difference to a game. For example, quarterback Joe Montana keyed the San Francisco 49ers three Super Bowl victories in the 1980s. Montana, who benefited from good protection, could instinctively read defenses and had the ability to deliver the ball accurately to his receivers while on the move.In college football, the University of Miami Hurricanes dominated the game in the late 1980s with a flashy passing game and a quick defense that could react effectively to the pass. Development of Defensive Strategies One striking aspect of modern football is its emphasis on defense as well as offense. This trend began after World War II (1939-1945), when college teams were allowed free substitution of playersthat is, a player could enter and leave the game an countless number of times, as long as the ball was not in play during the substitution.This feature of the game led to the modern two-platoon system, in which o ne group of 11 players enters the game to play offense and a second group enters to play defense. Such a system has fostered the development of individual skills and specialization among players. Defensive football has acquired an extensive terminology of its own. In some ways defense is more complicated than offense, because defensive teams have fewer restrictions on their manner of lining up. Generally, however, the defensive formation is determined by the way the offense lines up.For example, when defending against opponents who are expected to throw many forward passes, a team powerfulness use a formation with a four-player line of two ends and two tackles. Three linebackers would stand directly behind the front four. In addition, two cornerbacks placed wider and farther back could defend against mid-range assaults. Two safeties would position themselves deeper to protect against longer aerial attacks. Most of the innovative thinking by coaches in the NFL during the 1970s came on defense. Offensive statistics plummeted as defenses dominated.The newer game demanded speed at every position, in addition to strength and bulk. undischarged linebacker units with catchy names such as Doomsday in Dallas, Pittsburghs Steel Curtain, Minnesotas Purple bulk Eaters, and the Rams Fearsome Foursome dominated offenses. Teams turned the free safety position over to ferocious hitters such as the Raiders Jack Tatum and Dallas Cliff Harris. Rough, physical cornerbacks such as Pittsburghs Mel Blount and Oaklands Willie Brown employed tight bump-and-run techniques on receivers downfield. Professional Football Today.The present-day NFL game is immensely popular. It is played during the late summer, through autumn, and into January. Professional teams play 4 exhibition games before the start of the regular season, followed by 16 games in the regular season and then playoff games, when they qualify for the playoffs. Teams play one game each week, using the time between games to recover, practice, and go down for the next game. Each team receives one week without a game, known as a bye, during the season. The NFL is a big business for players, owners, advertisers, and other industries tied to the sport.NFL franchises generate huge revenues for host cities, in addition to promoting civic pride and national exposure. Thus, cities often compete for teams, offering prospective teams bigger and better stadiums, guaranteed fan support, and various economic incentives. In the 1980s three NFL teams relocated the Raiders travel from Oakland, California, to Los Angeles in 1982 the Colts moved from Baltimore, Maryland, to Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1984 and the Cardinals moved from Saint Louis, Missouri, to Phoenix, Arizona, in 1988. Other teams have agreed to stay only with the promise of new facilities by their host cities.Throughout the years, other consortiums have sought to capitalize on the economic potential of the sport. For three years in the 1980s a new pr ofessional spring league, the United States Football League (USFL), competed with the NFL. The NFL lost players to the USFL, and NFL teams had to pay higher salaries to keep other players from leaving. However, the USFL soon folded, with much of its more talented military group entering the NFL. Super Bowl The Super Bowl is the final contest of the professional season and determines the leagues annual champion.Currently the Super Bowl routinely finishes among the all-time top 50 programs in television ratings, and the 1994 game reached an estimated 750 million viewers around the world. Now probably the most important single-day sporting event in the United States, the Super Bowl had more modest beginnings. In 1967 the champions of the American Football League (which merged with the NFL in 1970) and the NFL met in what was called the AFL-NFL World Championship Game. The name was later shortened to Super Bowl, named after a childs toy, the Super Ball. In this first game, the Green Ba y Packers beat the Kansas City Chiefs, 35-10.The Los Angeles Coliseum, site of the game, fell far short of a sellout, although tickets were only $10 each. In comparison, the highest ticket price at the 1994 Super Bowl reached $250, with scalpers illegally charging more than twice that much. Rule Changes and Modern Developments The game of football has a history of uninterrupted rule changes. Rule changes have been implemented to bolster the excitement of the game of football and to increase the games safety. By 1906 the game was extremely rough, and many injuries and some deaths had occurred.Educators considered dropping the sport despite its popularity on campuses. United States chairperson Theodore Roosevelt, an ardent advocate of strenuous sports, declared that the game must be made safer. As a result, football leaders revamped the game, and many of the rougher tactics were outlawed. In a constant attempt to maintain public interest in the game, NFL rulemakers review trends in their sport. For example, in the early 1970s, the rulemakers brought the hash marks in close together(predicate) to the center of the field to give offenses more room to throw wide.The move, which increased scoring and made the game more exciting, also helped bolster the running game. Ten NFL runners gained more than 1000 yards in one season (1972) for the first time in history. During the next season, Buffalo Bills running back O. J. Simpson rushed for more than 2000 yards, the first time a player had gained that many yards in a single season. However, the passing game at long last suffered as defenses quickly adjusted. The Pittsburgh Steelers had a stranglehold on the NFL during the 1970s, with four Super Bowl victories.The dominant defensive athletes the Steelers put on the field shut down the wide-open passing attacks that had developed in the previous era. By 1977 scoring was the lowest it had been since 1942, while offensive touchdowns had fallen to their lowest levels since 1938. The rulemakers enacted serious measures after this low-scoring 1977 season, fearing a loss of public interest in the defense-dominated game. They established a zone of only five yards from the line of scrimmage in which a bump by a pass defender was permitted.