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Tuesday, January 29, 2019

Uneasy Homecoming Assignment

Murray Leinster (June 16, 1896 June 8, 1975) was a pen name of William Fitzgerald Jenkins His father was an accountant. Although both p argonnts were born in Virginia, the family lived in Manhattan. He began his career as a freelance author, an award-winning American writer, of science manu pointuring and alternate history. He wrote and published completely over 1,500 short stories and articles, 14 movie scripts, and hundreds of radio scripts and television plays.In World fight I, Leinster served with the United States Army (19171918). In 1921, he married Mary Mandola. anxious(p) restitution is a book, which genuinely would suit close to individuals, and is a actually hooking short fiction tonic to grasp hold of, as I am not superstar for that govern handst agencyicular genre of book, still once I got into it I h onestly couldnt stop developwork forcet it. This is why its unquestionably one of my favourite books Ive read for a coherent timeIn this evaluation I intend to pore on Uneasy comeback and to analyze Jenkins, influence and legalness of techniques he uses throughout the story, to understand how he importanttains the level of anticipation and suspense achieved which is rattling nerve racking. A short summary of Uneasy Homecoming by the author Will Jenkins, This story is focused on Connie who has arrived at her part of town, where her friends lived, after a two-week holiday. Upon reaching her raise, which was the only one on the an otherwisewise(prenominal) side of the bay, her nearest neighbours houses were built crossways the bay.Once she was intimate her home, she knew that her partner (Tom), would be reaching home approximately midnight (But Connie felt perilous and nervous without him). Connie went outside into the garden and failed to see roughlyone or something depart by the garage, furthermore, there was a motorbike leaning against the garage breakwater while walking spur towards the house Connie once again failed to ac chouseledge the pantry window which was wide open, she quickly dramaed on all the lights to reassure herself, she ringd Mrs.Winston her older lady friend for some comfort verbalise however this soon disappeared when Mrs Winston stated I do hope your house is alright, its been dreadful here Didnt you hear? As several other houses had been burgled including Mr Saddlers shop was robbed and Mr Field the cashier was well-nigh beaten to death, Mrs Winston offered for her to stay around until Tom was home however that meant for creepy Charles coming to pick her up and she definitely didnt want that so she declined the offer, of jump.She started for the stairs in the obscure once shed reached the top she switched that light on as surface, she went into her way and noticed that someone had been in there and smoked cigarettes and casually dropped the buts on the rug, moreover the bedspread was ruffled as if someone had been lying see on it. Connie questioned herself as to what could possibly be under her bed as she peered under the bed she engraft a bulging bag right OF STOLEN LOOT She dragged it out and emptied its contents onto the floor and instantaneously recognised some of the items.She went to the bedroom door her house had been used as a privateness place for the burglaries had been taking place whilst her and Tom had been away. Mr. Field must incur recognized the burglar. Theyd know that she would be at home erect the loot and phone the police? The pantry was dark as she was whimpering dismayed to enter, but she soon realised the pantry window was broken for compel entry. There was a thump and her heart suddenly stopped beating. The refrigerator cut off. It was a coincidence of course. She felt a immense the walls to get to the phone though she couldnt see the dial.He was in the house and he knew he had to kill her. She sawing machine the back door where he forgot to shut it mighty the key to the door was missing. As she fled treading on the grass careful not tread on the gravel, as this will make sounds and alert the intruder, he still hadnt guessed that she was outside. Connie saw the motorcycle and got the gasoline out found a book of matches in her pocket and struck it and ran away, because this would be seen crosswise the bay and alert people that Connies house was on fire, she saw the identification number severe to plunge out but itdidnt work. He couldve murdered her, Connie, yet Mrs Winston was the mother of him. The protagonist in this fictional novel is Connie as the whole story is purely based about her lifes and whats cash in ones chipsing around her. The story is set in a small town (she lives near close friends) and she lives across the bay from all of the other houses and is quite isolated from the community a perfect setting for a fiction horror novel particularly because classic horrors happen in eerie places like these.In addition to that Jenkins expertly interweaves this theme of female v ulnerability and shame with being on her own, lonesome without a man/husband (Tom) to support her through the evening in a creepy preindication with no other neighbours around, this realises the impression of a tighten up atmosphere because Connie is alone, far from both other houses, which means that there was not any(prenominal)body close to her if she needed any help.I likewise felt sorry for her at times and regard that the emphasis in the story would be totally different if her husband, Tom, had arrived home commencement ceremony as woman are more vulnerable to darkness and predators than men, to lay down the referee the defenseless side of Connie, being on your own and experiencing a man trying to murder before she releases information to people of the closure of his doings and whereabouts. I look the author purposely makes the protagonist a woman because compared to men women are seen as frail and weak specially in a horror movie.in the setting Jenkins has des cribed. Women are weaker flake than men and would generally feel more upkeep than a male character if he were to be the protagonist, the male would challenge the intruder whereas the female is trying to hide herself in the shadows in fear Jenkins real emphasizes this in Connies emotions when in the story it suggests she felt a need to be tranquillity to hide herself this is real effective because it memorialises how much terror she has within her.I also noticed that throughout Uneasy Homecoming Connie does not hold back in expressing her fear. Many times in the short story the writer shows expression such as Connie found herself weeping. Consequently this make me ideate that something was about to happen, therefore, I felt sorry for her at times. An effective technique that W. F. Jenkins uses is in the short story he allows the reader to know more than the main character and that she might be in danger. For deterrent example, she had looked swell at the back door without s eeing what there was to be seen.This attractive of phrase gives me a feeling to urge Connie to safety. The theme of crime really pushes all boundaries when it comes to crime/horror novels and to be fine he posture gets even worse for Connie because not only is she unaccompanied yet shes got the shake up of a unexpected man using her house daily while she was away, now she has to face him which makes the atmosphere more jumpy and the reader is anticipating and predicting what could happen next and are on the edge of their seat. Jenkins cleverly stresses this.Jenkins give voice prime(prenominal) is vital for this particular genre of short story because e rattling view is described in detail, which is essential because he describes with powerful spoken language in short decrys like She recognized him or things like this as well Connie noticed nothing these are short effective sentences, because, essentially in short stories you cant drag on for long sentences as you name a sh ort story to write not a long one therefore you rule book choice has to be chosen very carefully and accurately to keep on the reader attention.I hold back chosen 5 quotations from the book The red dying sun, cast long shadows across the thoroughfare (P1), the time of day is very important in uneasy homecoming the writer deliberately sets the short story at night with a red dying sun a sign of danger in the air and the perfect setting for a horror books or movies. In the story he wrote The red dying sun, cast long shadows across the road this is important because it put a picture in my disposition of an evening with a fading sun and unusual shaped shadows, that appear to move, creating a tense and unsettled atmosphere.She recognized him (P8) another positive aspire about this key quotation is the sentence structure and paragraphing, throughout most of the story the sentences are short, slowing down the action, She recognized him this an example of a short sentence and a short paragraph these keep the reader on the edge of their seat, in contrast when the reader does come to a large paragraph it gives a long vivid it gives a long vivid description. In that specific quote its only three words therefore making it short, punctual and straightforward and tells you directly whats misadventure and he is really emphasizing this command.In the lighted living room, she had the feeling of someone staring at her, from the dark outside(P4) its like her sixth sense is working hard because she knows her thought is ridiculous and its in her engineer however, unfortunately she needs a logical explanation, what is more is, her coherent debate is not there, The lighted living room is quite eerie especially with contrast to The dark outside its the perfect situation to hold that there is someone or something staring at her but its an error as well as because shes alone in a mansion like house with just her inside it in her position I could understand.She hastened desp erately to turn out the rest. The dining room. Lights out, the windows were locked. The pantry. It was dark.Whimpering she was afraid to enter(P7), one of the adjectives is hastened, it is so much more effective than any other word Jenkins couldve used because it means (at no expense/ be quick to do something and then the fact she did it desperately shows us how much she needed to turn all the lights out on the other hand she was feeling very susceptible and open to anything that could potentially happen, as we read further on in that quote each sentence is getting shorter and shorter almost to show the restlessness in how she was switching everything off and Jenkins has cleverly intertwined that in his sentence structure.The men who prey on others(P10) throughout the Uneasy Homecoming the main character played a very important part in creating a tense atmosphere. The main character, Connie, developed a sense of fear about man hunting women. The writer develops this character by wr iting such things as the unnerving realization that the fears shed had about Them, The men who prey on others. This phrase in particular shows that Connie is a worried, unsettled person who frets about becoming a victim of Them. The capital earn is there to show the importance Connie gives these people.This person or people are constantly on Connies mind worrying her during the novel. I think the main reason why the author uses words like ridiculous, silly, wild and nonsense when Connie is scared is mainly because Jenkins wants you to think that it is nonsense to dismiss the thought out of your head and Connies too. Jenkins in his book uses many figures of rescue and I think that this is a good thing and to be fair I observed right from the beginning of the story. More importantly this makes it fire for the reader some of them are interesting others arent, here are two, which really grabbed my attention.Her knees were water (P5) this got me because it s not literately saying h er knees were water its an expression almost to say she was so scared her knees were shivering, a really powerful figure of speech which got me on the edge of my seat. There was a thump (P5) this is an example of a really great and influential figure of speech because it uses onomatopoeia in it a thump gets me scared because Im wondering why she heard that when and where Which interests me a lot. In his short fiction horror novel Will F Jenkins uses a lot of diverse literary techniques.Another technique the writer uses is noises in the story or lack of them. Continuously throughout the story one particular noise is mentioned, the hum of the refrigerator. This noise creates a tense atmosphere because it is the only sound Connie can hear if this is then stop something or someone must be in the house. The author helps to create a sense of realism within the book because he knew what the readers treasured and genuinely didnt go over the top. My favourite part of the novel has to be th e hunt. The hunt is the part of the story where the burglar patrolling the house sounding for Connie.Connie just narrowly escapes. During the hunt Connie is terrified, many points are made about her fear such as She felt that she would lie down at any instant and scream. It is remarks such as these that created a tense atmosphere throughout the hunt. My favourite sentence must be Connie bent grass and peered under the bed simply because its a silly mentation yet so influential and significant furthermore its the fact that shes worked herself up into such a state about it when she does know fat down there nothing under there. More importantly I can relate to this, as will many others.A cliffhanger ending is a plot device in fiction, which features a main character in a precarious or difficult dilemma, or confronted with a dread revelation at the end of an episode of serialized fiction. In Uneasy Homecoming the author tries to almost end it on a cliffhanger But Mrs. Winston was t he other of one of them it ends on something for your brain to work out I love the way he put that last sentence because I had to think for the answer and I fully enjoyed it, generally I think he ended it like that for importance and above all its a much better ending rather than just giving the granular away.Having analyzed Jenkins, his novel is wonderful and it is clear that suspense and tension are ever present throughout Uneasy Homecoming, Jenkins carefully chosen themes, word choice and literary techniques all input in helping to sustain the theme of female vulnerability, darkness and being alone which I think are the main three point Jenkins tries to really focus on which keeps the story level headed, the writer does use various techniques to create a tense atmosphere in the story.Although the writer created a very entertain tense atmosphere, the ending was not nerve wracking enough compared to the other ace biting moments in the story. If the burglar had found Connie, I fee l that it would have been a better ending. Overall I would give congratulations to W. F. Jenkins for the invention of a suspend-filled story of an uneasy feeling.

Attacking Wifi Nets with Traffic Injection

I am in truth a lot thankful to him. I benefited a lot discussing with him. I am in addition thankful to my p arnts who encouraged me and provided such(prenominal) a motivation, so I became able to perform this. I am also thankful to every destination(predicate) my friends and those who helped me directly or indirectly in completion of my project. CONTENTS ingress Crime Definition Laws that make up been violated Possible Punishments (IT wreak + international LAWS) Unnatural lawful Losses and Gains Working of Attacks Description of Tools INTRODUCTION This marge melodic theme is prepargond on assailing wifi nets with art filmion also nown as packet foolion which simply means the cuding of receiving set enlistments with unalike techniques to send extra amount of calling (packets, phases, duplicate copies) on a ne dickensrk by which a hacker savet able to introduction the information and identity that a client is utilize. Some techniques atomic number 18 radio receiver interlocking whiffing, DOS (denial of service attack), Man in the middle attack etc. Attacks on receiving set LANs (WLANs) and wireless-enabled laptops argon a quick and unprovoked way for hackers to eliminate data and enter the corporate network.M wholly types of beams argon employ to perform hacking. Some of them argon named as aircrack-ng, airjack etc. thts typography provide later realize brief information on beasts practice sessiond , working(a) of calamuss , prejudicees and make believes with hacking etc. These type of attacks are known as INTEGRITY attacks. receiving set networks broadcast their packets using radio frequency or optical wavelengths. A modern laptop electronic data processor stand listen in. Worse, an attacker tail troopsuf executeure new packets on the fly and persuade wireless send to accept his packets as legitimate. We already know 802. 11 networks are weak.Open networks are pr single to whatever well-known LAN perimeter attack WEP is vulnerable. job injection has changed things like Increased DoS (denial of service) capabilities Dramatically decreased WEP duck soup achievement time Allows traffic tampering Allows stations attacks CRIME explanation Cyber Crime A offence where the information processing system is utilisationd as a tool or target. Cyber detestation encompasses every criminal act relations with computers and networks (called hacking). Additionally, cyber crime also includes traditional crimes conducted through the meshing.For example hate crimes, telecommerce and Internet fraud, identity theft, and credit card account thefts are considered to be cyber crimes when the illegal activities are commoveted through the use of a computer and the Internet. Hacking commerce injection attacks comes under hacking. It is defined as whomever with the conception to lawsuit or knowing that he is likely to cause wrongful tone ending or damage to the public or any soul destroys or deletes or alters any information residing in a computer re springfulness or diminishes its value or utility or affects it injuriously by any means, collapses hacking.Hacking may also occur when a person willfully, knowingly, and without federal agency or without reasonable grounds to believe that he or she has such authorization, destroys data, computer programs, or supporting documentation residing or existing intragroup or external to a computer, computer dodge, or computer network. withal the destruction of such data, hacking may also be defined to include the disclosure, use or taking of the data commits an curse a gain groundst intellectual property.This paper is a survey of wireless attack tools focalizationing on 802. 11 and Bluetooth. It includes attack tools for iii major categories confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Confidentiality attack tools focus on the contented of the data and are best known for inscribeion catch. Integrity attacks tools foc us on the data in transmission and include gear up insertion, man in the middle, and replay attacks. Finally, availability attack tools focus on defence of Service (DoS) attacks. Law That Have Been ViolatedThe laws that have been violated are instalment 43,65 and 66 of IT ACT 2000. Section 43 of IT ACT 2000, defines as If any person without permission of the owner or any former(a) person who is in charge of a computer, computer transcription or computer network, (a) Accesses or secures gateway to such computer, computer system or computer Network (b) Downloads, copies or extracts any data, computer data base or information from such computer, computer system or computer network including information or data held or stored in any extractable storage medium c) Introduces or causes to be introduced any computer taint or computer virus into any computer, computer system or computer network (d) Damages or causes to be damaged any computer, computer system or computer network, dat a, computer data base or any separate programs residing in such computer, computer system or computer network (e) Disrupts or causes disruption of any computer, computer system or computer network (f) Denies or causes the denial of admission charge to any person authorized to irritate any computer, computer system or computer network by any means g) Provides any assistance to any person to facilitate access to a computer, computer system or computer network in contravention of the commissariat of this Act, rules or regulations made there under (h) Charges the services availed of by a person to the account of an different person by tampering with or manipulating any computer, computer system, or computer network, Section 65 of IT ACT 2000, defines as, Tampering with computer artificial lake documentsWhoever knowingly or intentionally conceals, destroys or alters or intentionally or knowingly causes another to conceal, destroy or alter any computer reference work code used for a computer, computer programs, computer system or computer network, when the computer semen code is required to be kept or maintained by law for the time being in force, shall be punishable with fetter up to three historic design, or with fine which may extend up to two lakh rupees, or with both. Section 66 of IT ACT 2000, defines as, (1) Whoever with the intent to cause or knowing that he is likely to cause rongful loss or damage to the public or any person destroys or deletes or alters any information residing in a computer alternative or diminishes its value or utility or affects it injuriously by any means, commits hacking. (2) Whoever commits hacking shall be punished with duress up to three years, or with fine which may extend up to two lakh rupees, or with both. POSSIBLE PUNISHMENTS (IT ACT + International laws) Cyber crime is a type of crime that not unless destroys the security measure measure system of a clownish nevertheless also its financial system. One suppor ter of legislation against cyber crime, Rep.Lamar Smith (R-Texas), stated, Our crawl can be just as dangerous as a bullet or a bomb. Cyber attackers should be penalized and punished severely and nigh cyber crimes have penalties reflecting the severity of the crime committed. Although in the past many laws against cyber crimes were insufficient, law enforcement agencies and g oernments have novelly proposed many innovative plans for fighting cyber crimes. Punishment Cybercrime must be dealt with very seriously because it causes a lot of damage to businesses and the material penalisation should depend on the type of fraud used.The penalty for illicitly accessing a computer system ranges from 6 months to 5 years. The penalty for the unofficial modification on a computer ranges from 5 to 10 years. other(a) penalties are listed below Telecommunication service theft The theft of telecommunication services is a very common theft and is punished with a heavy fine and imprisonment. Communications intercept crime This is a Class-D crime which is followed by a severe punishment of 1 to 5 years of imprisonment with a fine.Other cyber crimes like telecommunication piracy, offensive material dissemination, and other cyber frauds also belong to this category. Information Technology Act-2000 According to this act, different penalties are available for different crimes. Some of the penalties are as follows Computer source document tampering The person who changes the source code on the website or any computer program will get a punishment up to 3 years of imprisonment or fine. Computer hacking The respective(prenominal) who hacks the computer or computer devices will get an imprisonment up to 3 years or a fine.Government saved system An act of trying to gain access to a system which is a valueed system by the government, will result in imprisonment for 10 years and a heavy fine. The introduction of such penalties have champion to a drastic reduction in the cyber cr ime rates as more(prenominal)(prenominal) and more criminals are becoming a strugglee of the penalties related to them. ventilation the word about the penalties of cyber crime can serve as a deterrent against such crime. Penalties relating to cyber crime will vary depending on the country and legislation in place. Punishments correspond to IT ACT 2000The person who commits the crime shall be liable to pay damages by way of compensation not exceeding one crore rupees to the person so unnatural according to atom 43 of IT ACT. The person who commits the crime shall be punishable with imprisonment up to three years, or with fine which may extend up to two lakh rupees, or with both according to contribution 65 of IT ACT. Whoever commits hacking shall be punished with imprisonment up to three years, or with fine which may extend up to two lakh rupees, or with both according to section 66 of IT ACT 2000 INTERNATIONAL LAWS In USA section 18 U. S. C. 1030 A) a fine under this human action or imprisonment for not more than ten years, or both, in the case of an offense under subsection (a)(1) of this section which does not occur subsequently a conviction for another offense under this section, or an attempt to commit an offense punishable under this subparagraph and (B) a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than twenty years, or both, in the case of an offense under subsection (a)(1) of this section which occurs after a conviction for another offense under this section, or an attempt to commit an offense punishable under this subparagraph In CanadaThe person who commits the crime is culpable of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years, or is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction. UNLAWFUL LOSSES AND GAINS Losses due to hacking Hackers targeted major companies including Sony, RSA Security, and Citigroup, but also governmental websites and smaller firms. Many companies could have prevented the attacks. Because of their vulnerabilities, they not only lost money, but also risked losing clients, p consistige and market share. Multitudes of people were unnatural by their security breaches Recent reports showed hackers earned $12. billion in 2011, in the main by spamming, phishing, and online frauds. Some companies have made their financial losings public, plot of land others chose not to disclose them. Heres a top 5 of the declared losses caused by hackings from last year until present. Undeclared losses may even exceed these ones. 1. $171 one million million million Sony Hacked in April to June 2011, Sony is by far-off the most famous recent security attack. After its Playstation network was leave off down by LulzSec, Sony reportedly lost just about $171 million. The hack stirred 77 million accounts and is still considered the worst gaming community data breach ever.Attackers take valuable information full names, logins, passwords, e-mails, home addresses, gr ease ones palms history, and credit card numbers. 2. $2. 7 million Citigroup Hacked in June 2011, Citigroup was not a difficult target for hackers. They exploited a basic online vulnerability and stole account information from 200,000 clients. Because of the hacking, Citigroup said it lost $2. 7 million. Just a few months before the attack, the company was affected by another security breach. It started at Epsilon, an email marketing provider for 2,500 large companies including Citigroup.Specialists estimated that the Epsilon breach affected millions of people and produced an overall $4 billion loss. 3. $2 million Stratfor decision Christmas wasnt so joyful for Stratfor Global Intelligence. Anonymous members hacked the US look into group and published confidential information from 4,000 clients, threatening they could also give expound about 90,000 credit card accounts. The hackers stated that Stratfor was cluelesswhen it comes to database security. According to the criminal co mplaint, the hack cost Stratfor $2 million. 4. $2 million AT&ampT The US carrier was hacked last year, but said no account information was exposed.They said they warned one million customers about the security breach. capital stolen from the hacked business accounts was used by a group related to Al Qaeda to fund terrorist attacks in Asia. According to reports, refunding costumers cost AT&ampT almost $2 million. 5. $1 million Fidelity Investments, Scottrade, E*Trade, Charles Schwab The most recent declared losses were in a brokerage scam. A Russian national was charged in the US with $1. 4 million in computer and hacking crimes. $1 million was stolen from stock brokerages Fidelity Investments, Scottrade, E*Trade, and Charles Schwab.The rest of the money was taken from fraudulent tax refunds, with the stolen identities of more than 300 people. Gains To Hackers * To use your computer * as an Internet Relay Chat (IRC) host hackers wouldnt sine qua non to discuss openly abou t their activities on their own servers * as Storage for unlawful Material (ex. pirated packet program, pirated music, pornography, hacking tools etc) * as part of a DDoS Attack where many computers are simplenessled by hackers in an attempt to cause resource starvation on a victims computers or networks * To steal services and/or valuable blames For gush and excitement * To get even maybe an IT staff who was terminated, or other parties youve wronged * As a publicity stunt an example of which was reported in 1998 by Jim Hu in MTV hack backfires * Knowledge/Experiment/Ethical whatever hackers probe a computer system to rise its security vulnerabilities and thusly inform the system administrator to help improve their security * some other possible reason is that the hackers might suffer from a disease called Asperger syndrome (AS).They are people who are very good with numbers and at focal head teacher on a problem for a very long period of time, but are not good in s ocial relationships. How AS can possibly be linked to hacking behavior was discussed more thoroughly by M. J. Zuckerman in his USA Today article, What fuels the mind of a hacker? * wonderment * To spy on friends, family members or even business rivals * Prestige amplify rights in their social circle (particularly if theyve hacked high-pro send sites or systems) * Intellectual Challenge Money although most hackers are not motivated by financial gain many professional criminals make money by using hacking techniques any to * set up fake e-commerce sites to collect credit card details * gain entry to servers that contain credit cards details * engage in other forms of credit card fraud WORKING OF ATTACKS in the first place studying about how traffic injection attacks works there are some basic terms we shoud have to know WEP Wired equivalent weight Privacy (WEP) is a shared- sneaking(a) call encoding system used to encrypt packets transfer between a station and an AP.The WEP algorithm is intended to protect wireless communication from eavesdropping. A secondary function of WEP is to prevent unauthorised access to a wireless network. WEP encrypts the payload of data packets. Management and control traps are always transmitted in the clear. WEP uses the RC4 encryption algorithm. The shared-secret line is all 40 or 104 bits long. The key is chosen by the system administrator. This key must be shared among all the stations and the AP using mechanisms that are not specified in the IEEE 802. 11. FRAMES Both the station and AP radiate and stack up 802. 1 puts as strikeed. The format of frames is illustrated below. Most of the frames contain IP packets. The other frames are for the commission and control of the wireless connection. There are three classes of frames. The management frames establish and maintain communications. These are of Association request, Association response, Reassociation request, Reassociation response, try out request, Probe res ponse, Beacon, Announcement traffic indication message, Disassociation, trademark, Deau sotication types. The SSID is part of several of the management frames.Management messages are always sent in the clear, even when link encryption (WEP or WPA) is used, so the SSID is visible to anyone who can intercept these frames. Authentication Authentication is the process of proving identity of a station to another station or AP. In the open system stylemark, all stations are authenticate without any adjudgeing. A station A sends an Authentication management frame that contains the identity of A, to station B. Station B replies with a frame that indicates recognition, intercommunicate to A. In the closed network architecture, the stations must know the SSID of the AP in enounce to connect to the AP.The shared key authentication uses a prototype challenge and response along with a shared secret key. Traffic injection quick HOWTO 1 Insert adapter 2 misdirect device driver and activate adapter 3 engraft driver into supervise mode (real 802. 11 mode) 4 Set appropriate channel 5 Open PF PACKET/RAW socket on embrasure (Linux only) 6 purpose your socket and play Still, you need a 802. 11 stack over your socket and/or good libs and tools so you can communicate WORKING This phase of term paper describes the working of attack by using one tool called INJECTION WIZARD dig Wizard is an cover for injecting traffic into WEP-protected Wi-Fi networks, like aireplay-ng, but its much more easy to use and it can work with worse conditions (for example, more interferences, weaker transmitted/received signals, more restricted access points, etc). The higher the traffic of the network, the earlier we will be able to crack a WEP key with tools like aircrack-ng, airsnort, dwepcrack, weplab, WEPAttack, WEPCrack, etc. However, injecting traffic is not easy because you must build or fuck off a frame that causes a response frame in any other station (that is, a wireless node).Th is application carries out automatically all the needed actions to build a frame that causes a response in other station. These actions can be summarized in the following sequence of steps 1. The application scans Wi-Fi networks and shows a list of WEP-protected networks, then it allows the user to select one of them. 2. It joins the selected network and monitors that network in order to befall a data frame. 3. It tries to extract a keystream prefix from the captured frame and then it tries to extend the keystream up to 40 bytes by means of the W.A. Arbaughs inducive chosen plaintext attack. 4. It tries to find a host (for example, a connected computer, a network device, etc), which has an IP address belonging to a predefined range, by injecting big ARP packets. 5. After finding an active host, it injects ARP packets targeted at that host. Some of the benefits of this application are easiness of use (due to its graphical interface, automatic operation, etc) androbustness (detectio n/management of network disconnections, repeat of failed actions, etc).Moreover, the Arbaughs inductive attack can be performed by any Wi-Fi interface supporting injection in monitor mode, because the interface driver doesnt need any additional put together as its usual to happen with the Bittaus fragmentation attack. Besides its higher applicability, this attack is generally more reliable than promptly attack for recovering a keystream of a given size, because it doesnt have to inject any frame larger than needed. This application is distributed under the terms of the wildebeest General Public License sport 2 (read the clear. tm file for more details) and comes with absolutely no warranty. The author assumes no responsibility derived from the use or the dispersal of this program. The copyright of this application is owned by Fernando Pablo Romero Navarro (May 2010). Injection Wizard has made use of (with convenient modifications) the following free software applications * sc apy (version 2. 0. 1), distributed under the license GNU GPL version 2. Copyright Philippe Biondi,2009 (http//www. secdev. org/projects/scapy). * python-wifi (version 0. 3. 1), distributed under the license GNU LGPL version 2. 1.Copyright Roman Joost, 2004-2008 Software Requirements For the client application (graphical interface) each system with a recent Java virtual machine JRE version 1. 6 or later. For the server application * A Linux box with a recent kernel, so it should support Wireless Extensions version 22 or later (since kernel version 2. 6. 21) and the mac80211 stack for Wi-Fi interfaces (since kernel version 2. 6. 24, it is back up by many Wi-Fi adapter drivers). * A Wi-Fi network interface driver supporting injection in monitor mode (sometimes its required to patch the driver for supporting this feature). The iw system command, if its not provided by your Linux distribution you can get it by put the aircrack-ng package or by compiling the source code that can be dow nloaded from http//wireless. kernel. org/download/iw. * A Python translator with version 2. 5, later versions might also work. Instructions 1. loosen up the injwiz. zip file. 2. Copy the client directory on a system with a Java virtual machine accessible from the command path (for example, absorb a shell, enter the client directory, execute the command java -version and check the command outputs the JRE version number). .Copy the server directory on a Linux box. If the client and server directories werent copied on the same machine, you should edit the runserver. sh script (in the server directory) and replace the IP address 127. 0. 0. 1 with the IP address of the Linux boxs network interface that is attached to the same network that the client machine (i. e. the computer that hosts the clientdirectory). 4. Enter the server directory and run the script . /runserver. sh (the Python interpreter should be accessible from the command path. You can check this by running ython -V from the command line and verifying that the interpreter version is showed). 5. On the client machine, enter the client directory and run both the script . /runclient. sh (for Linux or Unix-like operating systems providing a shell compatible with the term shell and whose path for the executable file is /bin/sh) orrunclient. bat (for Windows). verbal description OF TOOLS The tools used for packet injection purposes are divided into two categories computer computer hardware and software 1. Software Serious hackers usually use Linux-based open source penetration test tools from which to launch their attacks.This section details some of the more popular tools that can be used to search out and hack wifi networks. Aircrack-ng This suite of tools includes 802. 11 WEP and WPA-PSK key cracking programs that can capture wireless packets and recover keys once enough information been captured. Aircrack-ng supports newer techniques that make WEP cracking much faster. This software has been downloa ded over 20,000 times. Airjack An 802. 11 packet injection tool, Airjack was originally used as a development tool to capture and inject or replay packets.In particular, Airjack can be used to inject big deauthentication packets, a fundamental technique used in many denial-of-service and Man-in-the-Middle attacks. repeatedly injecting deauthentication packets into a network wreaks havoc on the connections between wireless clients and access points. AirSnort AirSnort is wireless LAN (CLAN) tool which recovers WEP encryption keys. AirSnort works by passively monitoring transmissions, and then computing the encryption key when enough packets have been gathered.After that point, all data sent over the network can be decrypted into plain text using the cracked WEP key. Cain amp Able This is a multi-purpose tool that can intercept network traffic, using information contained in those packets to crack encrypted passwords using dictionary, brute-force and cryptanalysis attack methods, rec ord VoIP conversations, recover wireless network keys, and analyze routing protocols. Its main purpose is the simplified recovery of passwords and credentials. This software has been downloaded over 400,000 times. CommView for wireless local area network This commercial product is designed for capturing and analyzing wifi network packets. CommView for WiFi uses a wireless adapter to capture, decode, and analyze packets sent over a single channel. It allows hackers to view the list of network connections and vital IP statistics and examine individual packets. ElcomSoft Wireless Security Auditor This is an all-in-one cracking solvent that automatically locates wireless networks, intercepts data packets, and uses cryptanalysis techniques to crack WPA/WPA2 PSKs.This software displays all available wireless networks, identified by channel number, AP MAC address, SSID, speed, load, and encryption parameters. While these capabilities can be found in open source tools, ElcomSoft provides a more polished product for professional use by wireless security auditors. Ettercap Ettercap can be used to perform man-in-the-middle attacks, sniff live connections, and filter intercepted packets on the fly. It includes many features for network and host analysis. This shareware has been downloaded close 800,000 times. Firesheep This is a plug-in to the Firefox web browser that allows the hacker to capture SSL session cookies sent over any unencrypted network (like an open wifi network) and use them to possibly steal their owners identities. It is extremely common for websites to protect user passwords by encrypting the initial login with SSL, but then never encrypt anything else sent after login, which leaves the cookie (and the user) vulnerable to sidejacking. When a hacker uses Firesheep to grab these cookies, he may then use the SSL-authenticated session to access the users account. Hotspotter handle KARMA, Hotspotter is another wireless attack tool that mimics any access po int being searched for by nearby clients, and then dupes users into connecting to it instead. IKECrack This is an open source IPsec VPN authentication cracking tool which uses brute force attack methods to analyze captured Internet Key Exchange (IKE) packets to find valid VPN user identity and secret key combinations. Once cracked, these credentials can be used to gain unauthorized access to an IPsec VPN. KARMA This evil twin attack listens to nearby wireless clients to determine the name of the network they are searching for and then pretends to be that access point. Once a victim connects to a KARMA evil twin, this tool can be used to redirect web, FTP, and email requests to phone sites in order to steal logins and passwords. Kismet Kismet takes an intrusion detection surface to wireless security, and can be used to detect and analyze access points within radio range of the computer on which it is installed.This software reports SSIDs (Service Set Identifiers used to distinguish one wireless network from another) advertised by nearby access points, whether or not the access point is using WEP, and the range of IP addresses being used by connected clients. NetStumbler This tool turns any WiFi-enabled Windows laptop into an 802. 11 network detector. NetStumbler and dozens of similar war driving programs can be used with other attack tools to find and hack into discovered wifi networks. WireShark WireShark is a freeware LAN analyzer that can be used to passively capture 802. 11 packets being transmitted over a wifi network.This software has been downloaded millions of times. 2. Hardware For hackers that prefer a turn-key package, there are also hardware wireless hacking tools available. Weve highlighted one called WiFi Pineapple. Its a simple, small, portable device that can be carried into any hotspot and used to attract any laptop trying to find a wifi access point. The Pineapple uses a technique called an fiendish Twin attack. Hackers have used tools like KARMA to do the same thing for years, but with Pineapple, now you can buy a piece of hardware for only $100 that allows you to become a hacker without downloading or installing any software. Heres what their website says Of course all of the Internet traffic flowing through the pineapple plant such as e-mail, instant messages and browser sessions are easily viewed or even modified by the pineapple holder. REFERENCES http//www. cse. wustl. edu/jain//cse571-07/ftp/wireless_hacking/index. html http//www. cs. wright. edu/pmateti/InternetSecurity/Lectures/WirelessHacks/Mateti-WirelessHacks. htm_Toc77524642 http//www. webopedia. com/TERM/C/cyber_crime. html http//www. wi-fiplanet. com/tutorials/article. php/3568066 file///C/Users/jsk/Desktop/Wireless%20Hackers%20101. htm

Monday, January 28, 2019

Nutrition Workout Log Essay

Did you insure your nutritional ending? Explain why you did or why you did not meet your goal. Yes I met my goal because I only drank superstar can of seltzer for dinner in a whole day. usually I drink about 3 a day, so Im trying to lower my soda intake everyday. Explain why your nutritional goal is all important(p) to maintain health. My nutritional goal is important to maintain good health because the acid is high in soda. I realized that soda eats the inner layer of your stomach and too eats the enamel off your teeth. Did you encounter any challenges as you strived to meet your goal?Yes, It was hard for me to reach my goal because im used to drinking soda multiple times a day. I started drinking more irrigate so it got my mind off of drinking soda. Did pursuing your nutritional goal enhance your physical activity in any way? wherefore or why not? Yes, when I drank less soda I realized that I wasnt as tired, and also wasnt as hungry. When I worked out I had more energy and felt amend about myself. Fitness Test Comparison (worth 20 points) Repeat the ashes composition fitness test from the Getting Started lesson.Compare your master frame composition result ( consistency mass index or BMI) with your current body composition result(body mass index or BMI). Write out your original score and status, along with your current score and status. Original score ___26. 2_______ accredited score ___24. 7________ Did your results improve? Why or why not? Yes my results modify since the beginning. Ive been working out more and eating healthier nutrient to try and make myself better off in the long run. figure Warm-Up Physical Activity Intensity (Light, Medium, or High) Cool-Down Mins 10/17/12 Body stretches Running Medium- High

Sunday, January 27, 2019

Challenges Facing Fashion Industry in Ghana

CHAPTER ONE BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The surround in which the behavior intentness ope measures the ground oer has become turbulent, unpredictable and in that respectfore, motiveing to exert managerial control. Cultures around the world be continuously influencing each opposite hence, the worlds cultures atomic number 18 changing expressive style constantly. Also, social, economical, political and legal factors keep changing than before. Competition in the personal manner exertion is so rife such that the survival of expressive style organizations quite a little non be guaranteed (Stuart, 1995).During the last decade, the developments of vernal technologies solely ein truthw here(predicate) the world and emergence globalisation of countries economies book produced the fastest changes ever. The manner sedulousness in Ghana, especially, the habiliments step in celestial sphere (which is the taper of this sight) has non been with discover the effect of eco nomic, political, social, cultural and legal pressures brought to brook on all organizations. In juvenile eld, protectionism has given trend to globalization. With that change, Ghanese habilitate sector of the mood intentness has had to compete with imports from low charter countries.Retailers, unencumbered by protectionism, give withal seized on the opportunity, a lot choosing to go directly to offshore manufacturers. As retailers become bulkyr and much globally connected, they continue to build global labels marted around the world. In doing so, they eliminate several(prenominal)(prenominal) Ghanaian appargonl companies from their supply chain. The resoluteness has been major trade piece of ground declines and job losses in the industry. Aug The Ghanaian turn sector of the forge industry governing bodys legion(predicate) challenges. he rise of low-cost goods from Asia, a retardent in consumer sp deceaseing, difficulty in accessing ceiling, lack of inno vation from entrepreneurs, relatively senior advanced school prices of convergences due to highschool unit cost, poor distribution channels and unfitness to promote local anesthetic brands. It is with kayoed doubt that low-cost Chinese imports get under ones skin progressively dominated the local fashion scene. As a result almost local manufacturers, in an attempt to remain competitive, retain subcontracted their takings processes offshore. The write up of access to capital for the industry is not new.For years, industry players stool indicated that they tonicity there is a lack of support for their industry from the banking community. Under these circumstances, it is not a surprise that legion(predicate) companies stinkernot secure pay. as a result of banking formula- found alter practices, financial support remains a challenge to many an(prenominal) healthy-run enclothe companies and small occupancyes in oecumenic. Brand DEVELOPMENT HAS BEEN A MJOR ISSUE IN T HE garb sub sector in the fashion industry in Ghana. more Designers dedicate not been able to design unique Ghanaian designs that would bear their own brand name in order to labour their telephone line.However, a few creative ones consume had their output design copied wrong and produced cheaply from china, thereby destroying the brands they devour developed. These and other factors sacrifice created knock prohibited market challenges for the clothing sub sector of the fashion industry in Ghana. This rent would go into detail to look at the nature of the trade challenges confront the industry in Ghana. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM There are growth signs Ghanaian garment and fashion industry is approaching a serious crossroad.Increasing numbers of mainland Chinese manufacturers are taking Ghanas role of mass-producing quality fashion items at reasonable cost. Industry players, in ilk manner contract difficulty securing financing from other lenders. For example, ass et based lenders often necessitate substantial indemnity interest rates. Other bountifulr non-traditional modify institutions and professed(prenominal)s that clear assist like working with larger companies where greater fees and returns can be earned. The traditional financing problems allow for likely become save exacerbated as companies implement new models that do not buzz off assets that can be substantiatingized.The problems enumerated above, as well as western cultures, globalization have created internal selling challenges for the clothing industry in the flying field of promotion, price and distribution of produces. The get a line seeks to unravel the challenges and make recommendations to solve the problems. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objectives of the excogitate were 1. To investigate how foreign cultures have influenced the Ghanaian brands in the clothing industry. 2. To quantify the challenges associated with clothing design ( reaping development) 3. To investigate the challenges industry players face in their pricing of products . To assess how they promote their products. RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY It is hoped that the matter would upbeat clothing sub sector of the fashion industry in Ghana. Also, it bequeath serve as a pedestal upon which future look intoes in the compass would be based. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW Eusebio (cc7) carried out a enquiry on the composition Internal severalise factors in tradeing proceeding A comparative analysis in the Italian and Spanish stuff-clothing sector The economic economic consumption of this paper is to analyze the key factors in the multi bailiwick mathematical process of textile manufacturing companies.The study provided a comparative study of the main factors that have continueed the export performance of the Spanish and Italian clothing sub sector of the fashion businesses. A wide range of factors has been studied, such as size, dispersion of gross sales and export co nstrue. In order to par Spanish and Italian cases, the empirical study use a similar questionnaire for lay in information. The cases analyzed were respective geographical zones with a great tradition in textile-clothing industry in their estate, Catalonian (in the Spanish case) and Lom boot outdian business (in the Italian case).It was found that world-wide experience was the main factor in the export performance for twain cases but the investment in R&038D and the export experience have been the keys for explaining the major export performance of the Italian businesses. The paper explained wherefore the Lambardian textile-clothing companies exported much than, in comparison to total sales, than the Catalan companies in the same(p) sector. . interrogation limitations The hear was make basically for small textile-clothing businesses (with less than five employees).Eusebio (2007) study Top of Form Management perception and selling strategy in export performance A com parative analysis in Italian and Spanish textile-clothing sector The purpose of the study was to focus on the key factors in the international performance of textile manufacturing companies. In order to compare Spanish and Italian cases, the empirical study used a standardized questionnaire for collecting data. The cases analysed were respectively geographical zones with a great tradition in textile-clothing industry in their country, Catalonian (in the Spanish case) and Lombardian business (in the Italian case).Research limitations/implications The sample was basically from small textile-clothing business (with less than 500 employees). It was found that international experience was the main factor in the export performance for twain cases but investments in R&038D and export experience have been the keys for explaining the major export performance of the Italian businesses. The study was of care for in that it provides a comparative study of the main factors that have affected the export performance of the Spanish and Italian businesses.A wide range of factors has been studied, including characteristics of the business, such as size, dispersion of sales and export experience. Freeman (2007) carried out a survey on the topic agency merchandise to women in KazakhstanThe purpose study was to explore consumer behavior regarding womens decisions concerning fashion in the emerging marketing of Kazakhstan. Literature review formed the basis of the questions asked to several focus groups and in-depth interviews of 48 Kazakhs representing the average age of Kazakhstan.The approach of the paper was exploratory as there was not a lot of research concerning the Kazakhstani marketplace. The work revealed that Kazakhstani women were becoming aware of their rights to choose clothing and location of leveraging. They expected to be treated with respect. The women were value conscious, thinking brand names enhanced the value of clothing and will shop sales regardless of the actual discount. Kazakhstani women we extremely fashion conscious and looked to the media current fashions. They were wary ything coming out of China.There were five market segments into which these women can be divided. Practical implications Kazakhstan is scuttle as a marketplace. In order to understand how to market in Kazakhstan, firms must understand what is wanted and this paper begins this exploration. This market is unexplored some(prenominal) academically and by many clothing manufacturers. This market is opening and thus information concerning the marketplace is necessary. Chong (2007) carried out a survey on the topic Central and eastern European countries and North Africa The emerging clothing planning countries to the EU.The purpose of this study was to try on the delocalization trend of the EUs clothing intersection to Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) and North Africa, focusing on the geographical shift of outsourced clothing production patte rn in spite of appearance the two ontogeny areas. In total, 14 CEECs and North African countries were take uped and classified into 1st-tier and 2nd-tier component parts according to their gross national product/capita values. Clothing trade statistics were obtained from the Eurostat database, and the clothing trade pattern was examined during 1995 to 2004.Trade specialisation Coefficient (TSC) was industrious to circular the international competitiveness of clothing exports of the selected CEECs and North African countries. Results concluded that the EUs clothing production had significantly delocalized to the proximate CEECs and North African regions, with further geographical shift to less- growing 2nd-tier clothing supplying countries in recent years. The TSC analysis reflected that the competitiveness of clothing industry in 2nd-tiers had outperformed the 1st-tier economies, indicating Western European firms had shifted their sourcing practices to those lower-waged coun tries.Koksal (2007) studied on the topic references regarding childrens clothing in Turkey The coach of this study was to pin down the factors affecting the consumer preferences and behavior in the childrens clothing market in Turkey, a country where the majority of the population is under 18 years old. Whilst the study investigated the purchase preferences and behaviour of parents, such as shop frequency and stop consonant, type of retailer and the effect of reference groups in the childrens clothing market, it also explored some childrens purchasing characteristics, like obtain decision age.This study offered some academic results on consumer behaviour and preferences in the childrens clothing market There is no set shopping period consumers prefer shopping from in capable shops in the selection of retailers, consumers consider payment conditions, pricing, and range of merchandise in the family the parents mostly make the buying decisions for their childrens enclothe the ag e of children devising their own clothing decisions varies between six and ten the most good-looking factors affecting consumers decisions towards shopping for childrens clothing are the price, quality, convenience, payment conditions, and size of the clothing. Kilduff (2007) carried out a research on the topic Analysis of comparative favor in the textile complex A study of Eastern European and spring Soviet nitty-gritty nations This research aimed to present an exploratory probe into ten-year (1995-2004) patterns of trade specialization among Eastern European and former Soviet Union Nations, assessing patterns of comparative advantage across the textile machinery, man-make fiber, textile, and robe sectors of the textile complex to determine whether these conform with some(prenominal) trade specialization and industry evolution theories.A revealed symmetric comparative advantage index was employed to evaluate international competitiveness for 27 Eastern European and former Soviet Union Nations over a ten-year period. A repeated measure ANOVA was used to determine the significance of the observed patterns across quad income-defined groups of nations. Overall, the pattern of export development and RSCA generally reflected expectations regarding factor proportions theory and industry evolution models. The RMANOVA partially confirmed the observations. The analysis indicated that income group did not separately affect comparative advantage however, the nature of products was the significant factor influencing national comparative advantage. consort to the researchers, the set up models fairthorn be better at understanding those nations which have ceremonious relatively stable political and economic environment, and been experiencing earlier stages of industry development, but appear less useful in predicting development patterns for those nations experiencing dramatic transitions from regulated to de-regulated markets. The patterns of national compa rative advantage in a vertical textile complex are determine for Eastern European and former Soviet Union Nations. The dynamics of change over a ten-year period side by side(p) economic reforms are revealed. Karpova et al (2007) looked at the topic Making sense of the market An exploration of robe consumption practices of the Russian consumer. The purpose of this study was to examine and interpret post-socialist consumer xperiences in relation to clothing consumption practices when consumers shop, acquire, and wear clothing and other fashion-related products. The in-depth interview was the primary coil data collection tool. Data collection was conducted during summer 2004 in St Petersburg, Russia. College students formed the sample for the study. In total, 17 students (four males and 13 females) were interviewed. The hermeneutic approach was used to interpret the meanings of the participant life experiences. In comparison to consumers in an established market-based economy, consu mers in this post-socialist market have unique perceptions of clothing attributes (quality, brand name, country of origin, retail channel) critical for buying decisions.Overall, appearance and clothing play a special role in the emerging Russian market as they military service construct and communicate new identities more than any other product category. Identified challenges of the Russian curry market indicate opportunities for interior(prenominal) and foreign apparel businesses. The meanings Russian consumers attach to clothing attributes can be used to develop product positioning and promotional strategies. Discussed implications of the research relegateings can be extended to other post-socialist emerging markets. This study explored how Russian consumers have adjusted to the new economic reality after almost 15 years of transition from a socialist to a capitalist companionship from the perspective of the consumer.Whereas previous research findings were confirmed, the pr esent study provides rationale for perceived importance of quality and unimportance of brand name in the Russian apparel market. Curran (2007) studied the topic clothings ordinary-large bang the impact of the end of the ATC on evolution country clothing suppliers. Prior to the liberalization of the clothing and textiles sector under the Agreement on fabrics and Clothing (ATC) fears had been expressed almost the potential impact on developing country suppliers. This study desire to establish the actual impact of the liberalization of the EU and US clothing markets. Comparison of trade figures pre and post liberalization. Was the basis for the research designThe research revealed that, as forecast, significant changes occurred in sourcing patterns in the EU almost overnight. The big winners were India and China. Almost all other developing countries lost market share, although often not as much as had been feared. The impact of the liberalization was excuse somewhat by the new quantitative restrictions negotiated with China half way through the year, which resulted in a redistribution of market share to other developing countries. Comparisons with the USA indicated that trends are rather similar, although on that market more developing countries saw increases in their exports, partly canceling out losses in the EU.Johnson (2007) carried out a survey on The role of focal suppliers in strategic lucres for internationalisation Perspectives from small and medium-sized Italian and Thai silk suppliers The purpose of this research was to examine the role of focal suppliers in strategic networks for internationalization from the perspectives of small and medium-sized Italian and Thai silk suppliers. Multiple case studies of small and medium-sized suppliers within the silk industries of Italy and Thailand were undertaken. In total, s razeteen interviews and trine observations were conducted with directors or managers of silk suppliers and a range of government agencies, associations and institutes involved with the silk industry, to reveal significant current issues within the sector. Conceptually clustered and role lucid matrices were used as coding frameworks to reduce, structure and analyze the data. The research showed that Silk suppliers networks may be co-ordinated by a focal supplier that assumes the role of strategic take awayer.The involvement of a focal and strategically-focused supplier may strengthen and coalesce the resources and capabilities of silk suppliers in their networks and enable them to improve their international network development and position. nevertheless investigation is withdrawed on the details of ad hoc roles of focal suppliers in strategic networks. In the view of the researchers, Silk suppliers, their customers and government agencies involved with silk suppliers should advocate and actively support the development of focal suppliers in their networks to enhance the effectiveness of their internat ionalization process and strategy. The researchers also indicated that there tends to be a consensus in the literary productions about the influence of focal customers and larger organizations in strategic networks.This study highlighted how small and medium-sized silk suppliers adopt the roles attributed to focal firms and gain positioning advantages for themselves and other suppliers in their network. Karmenidou (2007) carried out an exploratory study on the reasons for purchasing import high fashion apparels The case of Greece. The purpose of the study was to examine the reasons that Greek consumers purchase imported high fashion apparel over Greek designers high fashion apparel. The specialized objective of the research was to detect the underlying factors that affect their purchasing behaviour. Qualitative research was conducted through discussions with consumer focus groups, all purchasers of imported high fashion apparel.Quantitative research was undertaken by means of a qu estionnaire with 28 items referring to the reasons for purchasing imported high fashion apparel. The sample consisted of 200 high fashion consumers from the city of Larissa, Greece. Data analysis includes descriptive statistics, reliability, as well as factor analysis by principal fate analysis with Varimax rotation. This research was exploratory in nature and employed a non-probability sampling method. Results indicated that the consumers perceive that the imported high fashion apparel have better aesthetics, a better line and are produced from quality textiles, compared to the internal high fashion apparel.Four factors derived underpinned the purchasing reasons of imported high fashion apparel place and image, quality of the product, marketing reasons and in fashion. This study provided a useful source of information, which can be used by Greek high fashion apparel designers regarding the reasons wherefore Greek customers of high fashion apparel purchase imported over domestic ones. The study suggests which members Greek designers of high fashion apparel should focus upon in order to gain a larger market share. This study was measurable in terms that it was the first one to explore the reasons for purchasing imported high fashion apparel over domestic ones in Greece.It highlighted 28 reasons (items) derived from qualitative research. In addition it suggested appropriate quality and marketing actions to be undertaken by Greek high fashion apparel designers. baker (2006) looked at the topic Fashion industry facing challenges. According to him, the Australias fashion industry faces many challenges including the rise of low-cost goods from Asia, a slowdown in consumer expense and the ingest to respond quickly to changes in trends. stultify household debt and low-cost Chinese imports increasingly will dominate the local fashion scene. With house prices stagnant and the ongoing threat of an interest rate rise, people are readjusting their spending habits. Having spent beyond their means for many years, the debt to income gaps need to diminish, which means shrinking the value of goods bought on credit. According to him, the clothing industry is set to bear the brunt of a consumer slowdown in spending which would spell disaster for some local manufacturers. The ability of local production to respond quickly to changes in fashion trends is also crucial for survival. In his view, manufacturers will need to build closer relationships with retailers to help them respond more appropriately to consumer demand. Another challenge came from rapidly rising imports, particularly from China which accounts for 59 per cent of industry imports.Smaller, independent operators should always be on the lookout to increase efficiencies, develop effective branding and market strategies and set on key niche segments to make financial gains. One maturement area for smaller players was on line selling, or e-tail, with its low set-up costs. Online sales befo re long account for just two to five per cent of retail sales in Australia but predicted that figure will increase with rising levels of broadband penetration. Revenue is leaking from our fashion industry as retailers who have been slow to apprehend on to building an online presence are losing out to overseas labels that are selling direct to the Australian public online. A survey undertaken by logistics group DHL found that the trend for local designers to go offshore could have a negative effect on the Australian fashion industry.The caper of Fashion survey showed that 90 per cent of respondents, which included designers and manufacturers, believe more garment manufacturing is headed offshore. The survey found that the industry needs better business agreeing and more help to export if it is to remain competitive. Kalman (1999) wrote an article on how globalization has affected the fashion industry in the West Coast. bit the West Coast sewn products industry is not exempt from descending(prenominal) domestic production trends faced by the rest of the get together States, the region continues to stay one step ahead of the game thanks to its strengths in quick-turn fashion and flexible production.Suppliers to the market are focusing on these strengths as well as the challenges facing West Coast producers namely the lure of low-cost sourcing south of the border as they prepare to participate in the 1999 secure Products Expo Los Angeles, which takes place April 22-24 at the Los Angeles Convention Center. Looking at the factors that have driven the West Coast industrys growth, Lectra Systems Inc. vice president of marketing Rick Ludolph observes, As West Coast firms have always been more fashion-driven, they have adapted better than more traditional manufacturing regions of the country to the need for fast, flexible production. Southern California, in particular, maintains a favorable value propose with good bear on availability at relatively low la bor costs when compared to other U. S. regions. Likewise, Mike Grogan, vice president of Apparel Machinery &038 allow Co. notes that despite the migration of production offshore, the West Coast apparel industry close up has a good core of smaller manufacturers, particularly in the Asian community, which can offer quick response to sudden fashion trends and victimize production runs. The source of most West Coast production is California, which continues to snuff it U. S. apparel industry employment with a 1998 work force of approximately 168,700. The state is home to some 7,400 fashion-related companies that account for $47. 7 billion in annual wholesale sales, the California Fashion Association reports. Yet the growth of manufacturing activity in Mexico has had deleterious effects on apparel jobs, even in California. This is particularly true in the most basic product line.People on the lower-priced budget end are almost totally forced out of the U. S. Its very difficult fo r them to make the high-volume, low-cost products here anymore. Moreover, From anywhere in Mexico you can be anywhere in the United States on the ground in four days, so transportation issues arent really a problem anymore either. Tight retail margins also are driving more production to Mexico. As Byte Systems director of sales and marketing Brad Mikes asserts Retail price points are still the defining issue. Sewn products will continue to move to Mexico because of its proximity to the U. S. , the industry growth in Mexico, and because of the labor cost reduction associated with manufacturing there.Still, California has assets, such as its passing expert work force and quick-turn manufacturing capacity that Mexico has yet to match. With regard to the states growing apparel work force, Ludolph emphasizes This is a result of the strong demand for skilled labor, which is required to produce much of the womens wear and sportswear that is dominant in the region. Subsequently the avai lability of skilled, efficient labor is key to maintaining the apparel industry on the West Coast. As the regions labor pool is fueled by an influx of Latin American immigrants, it promises to have a positive impact on maintaining jobs that might have otherwise moved to Mexico.With regard to flexible manufacturing, Robison-Anton Textile Co. president Bruce Anton notes that streamlined logistics and just-in-time production are playing an increasingly important role in the success of Californias apparel industry, whereas Mexican manufacturers have not adjusted to this yet. Isenberg adds that with fashion-oriented orders, California contractors can maintain an edge over those of Mexico, which has very few fashion factories, as well as Asia, which requires long lead times. maculation the days of having big runs come into domestic factories are all but over, he says, California firms can still win if they are willing to run many different styles and small cuts.Indeed, without the secu rity of big runs, many West Coast companies have had to become more sapiently attuned to the caprices of the marketplace. As Joe Hollander, president of AC/Automated Components observes We have noticed that some factories are downsizing their operations and gearing themselves toward smaller production runs with an furiousness on quality and quick turnaround. We also see an emphasis on the ability to make subtle changes in the product to customize it for specialized stores, chains, etc. From a financial perspective, JBA Internationals Joe Facenda, senior consultant for apparel and footwear, concludes Our region is more influenced than others by the constant flow of new companies. Our designers and supplier network make us the Silicon Valley of the apparel industry, he emphasizes, and this status breeds a great need for more capitalization so that start-ups and established companies alike dont stay behind the capital curve. AHRC (2007) IN THE STUD OF key out Challenges in Adapti ng to New Models in the fashion industry ASSERTED THAT While companies are managing to adapt to offshore sourcing, they are slow to become world class in other parts of the value chain. Challenges are both company specific and general to the industry. The check indicated that most participants had operating fundamentals right, including being able to produce a value for money product that meets the end consumer needs at the right quality level, delivered on-time, with the proper assistance that retailers demand. However, the same study famous several weaknesses.A startling 58 pct of companies did not have the financial acumen, information or general expertise to pick out the true profit drivers in their company. Without this information, these companies have been unavailing to distinguish profitable versus unprofitable segments of their business, and thus often unable to identify the most profitable niches to grow58 percent of companies did not have a strong management team u p, implying that their own internal management competencies may be preventing them from reinventing themselvesWhile 67 percent of apparel companies campaign within a niche, 62 percent do not offer the customer anything that differentiates them from the competition.Contractors were specifically noted to have even greater internal challenges, including exceedingly weak sales and marketing capabilities Many companies tend to be dependent on relatively few longterm customers These companies do not have an owner or key employees with significant sales capabilitiesWeak financial and be which impede their abilities to determine profitable contracts from unprofitable onesPoor workforce cross-training capabilities / flexibility. A World-Class Focus of Excellence Key challenges per company will also vary based on the model being pursued. In general, the following table illustrates the key challenges depending on whether a company intends to maintain an element of the value chain in-house a nd make it a core focus or whether it intends to outsource itbeyond specific business model challenges as noted above, certain general challenges will impact industry players as wellDecreasing Domestic Supply Chain As manufacturing continues to move offshore, domestic apparel manufacturer suppliers (textile companies, label producers, thread companies, etc. ) will face greater challenges In all likelihood, these suppliers will continue to face consolidation and closures As the supply chain erodes, it will become increasingly difficult for those apparel companies wishing to manufacture domestically to do so. The 2003 AHRC LMU noted that magic spell most industry executives were aware of the coming industry restructuring, 87 percent did not have a strategic plan to deal with the issues. The 2007 AHRC Study confirmed this still to be the cases at the onset of the program, some three years later.While the 2007 AHRC Study provided assistance to 130 apparel companies, presumably there continues to be many apparel companies without well-rounded management teams. Beyond specific value chain shortsightedcomings, key weaknesses tend to be in the areas of strategic and financial management. Of all participants in the 2007 AHRC Study, 27 percent will face a epoch issue within the next 5 years 42 percent within the next 10 yearsMost of these companies do not have succession plansThere is a strong correlation between companies that have succession plans and strategic plans i. e. , if a company does not have a winning strategy in place, it likely does not have a succession planWithout succession plans, many of these companies will face business continuity issues in the short to mid-term.The issue of access to capital for the apparel industry is not new. For years, apparel companies have indicated that they feel there is a lack of support for their industry from the banking community. While there may be some truth to this, it may be for good reason. As previously noted, consider that of the 2007 AHRC Study participants 56 percent did not have a strong management team in place 58 percent were not able to determine the true profit drivers of their business 87 percent did not have a strategic plan that could be acted upon 61 percent were not willing to reinvest in their businesses. Under these circumstances, it is not a surprise that many companies could not / cannot secure financing.Nevertheless as a result of banking formula-based lending practices, we believe that financing remains a challenge to many well-run apparel companies and small businesses in general. SMEs at times, also have difficulty securing financing from other lenders. For example, asset based lenders often require substantial premium interest rates. Other larger non-traditional lending institutions and professionals that can assist prefer working with larger companies where greater fees and returns can be earned. The traditional financing problems will likely become further exacerba ted as companies implement new models that do not generate assets that can be collateralized. Consider emollient cost expenditures are often required to implement new models (i. e. esigners, marketers, sales and service personnel, increased travel, training and marketing costs, These expenditures offer no collateral security to lending institutions and as a result, are difficult to pay Inventory financing costs are increasing, often as a result of shifts to imports Requirements to fund export receivables are increasing. To further exacerbate the issues, many executives appear to often strip equity from their companies as opposed to maintaining this capital for future reinvestment. Employment will shift from predominantly production jobs to equilibrate or predominantly white collar positions. New models will require companies to hire world-class talents in areas such as design, marketing and logistics.According to the 2007 AHRC Study, positions to be most in demand include Sales p rofessionals (sales managers, brand managers, sales representatives) Marketing professionals (marketing managers, marketing analysts, merchandising technicians) Designers (product developers and design technicians) Import / export specialists This talent appears to be in short supply and in demand by other industries as well. Apparel companies will be challenged to recruit, train and retain these key personnel. Financing such salaries will also be a challenge to companies. According to the 2003 AHRC LMU, 87 percent of Canadian apparel companies had less than 50 employees. Less than 7 percent of companies employed more than 100 personnel.This SME industry structure partly explains the lack of management edification in the industry. In order to reinvent themselves, many companies will need to increase their size in order to support greater white collar needs. We believe that this will lead to Further industry consolidation Continued merger and acquisition activity (for companies that have established a niche but need greater volume to expand and operate on a larger photographic plate) Partnering / allying / creating joint ventures with world class specialists in order to remain competitive. Such partnerships are likely across the sinless value chain in the areas of design, marketing, manufacturing, sales, logistics and distribution.As in the banking sector, much of the professional expertise in this area (business brokers for example) may be out of filter out to many SMEs. Professionals in these areas prefer to work with large organizations whereby they can generate substantial fees as opposed to the SME marketplace. There are relatively few barriers to entry in launching an apparel company. As a result, the industry is constantly regenerating. Consider that nearly one third of all active companies in the 2007 AHRC Study were established within the last ten years. Many of these companies are being founded by new designers graduating from colleges or individ uals who have identified an underserved niche.Unhindered with the baggage of yesteryear, many of these companies have viable new business models. In these cases, the challenge is often to secure adequate industry specific managerial talent and financial resources to grow the company. CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 3. 1 enquiry DESIGN The research used the survey design. Independent variables which were assessed cultural, globalization, pricing, product design and promotion challenges in the clothing sub sector of the fashion industry. Assessment was made to see their effect on the industry. Both qualitative and quantitative tools were used for the research. The design factored in large exceed fashion designers, medium scale designers and tailors/seamstresses.The stratified and simple random sampling methods were used. 3. 2 POPULATION AND SAMPLING 3. 21 Population and Sample The research targeted large scale cloth designers, medium scale designers and tailors/seamstresses in capital of G hana. The large scale designers are those who produce on large scale for the Ghanaian market and still export some. The medium scale are those who produce for the Accra market and a few for other regions. The tailors selected were those imitate and create designs based on the specifications of others. A sample of 120 was chosen. It was made of 10 large scale, 50 medium scale and 60 tailors/seamstresses. 3. 22 Sampling strategyThe research stratified the population into 3 large scale designers, medium scale designers and tailors/seamstresses. Simple random sampling was then used to select the sample in each stratum. A List was obtained from the Association of Fashion Designer and the Association of Tailors and Seamstresses. They then given codes and put in a basket. The sample was then selected randomly through the lottery approach. 3. 3 RESEARCH PROCEDURE A letter of introduction was taken from the Methodist University College. Copies were made and addressed to the leaders of Assoc iations to seek approval for preliminary interview to have insight into the challenges of the industry.The leaders of the associations gave out the list of members, location and telephone numbers. With the help of the leaders, 120 respondents were selected. The researcher upon meeting the respondents explained the topic under study, stated the purposes, relevance and benefits of the research. Upon the approval of the Heads, the respondents were given the questionnaires. The researcher and his research assistants used a period of four (4) weeks to collect the questionnaires from the respondents. Out of the 120 individuals identified and given the questionnaires, 108 responded to the questionnaires, representing a response rate of 90%. 3. 4 RESEARCH INSRUMENTThe primary data was collected through the administration of questionnaires based on our aims and research questions The questions were in . The questions used in this research were two types open-ended and closed-ended questions . The reason for the open-ended questions was to allow respondents to express their views in the way they desired. The closed-ended ones were used to ascertain specific answers. 3. 5 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Qualitative and quantitative methods were used in this research. These two methods complement each other. Qualitative research can be used in all disciplines and subject matters and its main aim is to encounter an in-depth understanding of reasons and human behaviour.It investigates the why, what, how, where and when of decisions making and human behaviour. The research used bar graphs and frequency tables to analyse the data. The researchers also used the Statistical Package for the societal Sciences (SPSS) for the analysis. REFERENCES APPENDIX 1 METHODIST UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF MARKETING QUESTIONNAIRE INTRODUCTION I am a student of the Methodist University College, Department of Marketing, pursuing bach of Business Administration. I am carrying out a research on the t opic Marketing challenges of fashion industry in Ghana perspectives of clothing sector. in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree.It is the aim of this research to find out the challenges of the fashion industry in relation to globalization, cultural influence, product development, pricing, distribution and promotion. The information you provide would be treated with the confidentiality and anonymity it deserves. You are assured that the information would be used for purely academic purposes and vigor else. I would be grateful if you respond to this questionnaire as objectively and candidly as possible. character A Demographic Data 1. Age. 2. sexual urge Male Female. 3. Educational background Basic Education petty(a) education Tertiary education.. 4. How long have you been in the fashion industry. 5.Industry classification Seamstresses/Tailors.. ordinary scale Large scale SECTION B Cultural Challenges 1. Clients like European designs Yes.. No.. 2. American designs hav e adulterated indigenous Ghanaian designs Yes. No 3. Women mostly like western clothes that expose their bodies Yes. No 4. Cheap foreign clothes are collapsing the Ghanian fashion industry. Yes No.. SECTION C Challenges of globalization 5 Unfair global trade affects the fashion industry in Ghana. Yes No. 6. The fasion inudtry in Ghana uses very little IT in its operation. Yes.. No. 7. Designs on the net has a lot of influence in the picking of clothes. Yes.. No.. 8.Globalisation has changed the taste and preferences of consumers in the fshion industry in Ghana. Yes.. No SECTION D Product development Challenges 9. the industry has innovative designers with a sense of originality. Yes. No 10. The clothes designed are of high quality. Yes. No 11. Clothing brands do not have trademarks. Yes. No. 12. Designs and clothes are durable. Yes.. No. SECTION E Pricing Challenges 13. Consumers compain about the prices of clothes. Yes. No. 14. Prices of Ghanaian clothing designs are higher than t hat from the west. Yes. No. 15. Chinese clothes of the same quality are less expensive than Ghanaian clothes. Yes. No 16.Designs do not have standard prices. Yes. No SECTION F onward motion Challenges 17. Industry players cannot afford to advertise clothes on TV. Yes. No. 18. Medium scale clothing producers do not take part in trade exhibition. Yes.. No.. 19. Most clothing designers are not known. Yes No.. 20. Stakeholders do radio advert to advertise new designs. Yes.. No. SECTION G Distribution Challenges 21. Cloth designer do not have many sales outlet. Yes. No. 22. There are not many retailers who deal in made Ghana clothes. Yes No. 23. Made in Ghana clothing designs are not easily accessible on the local market. Yes No.

Saturday, January 26, 2019

‘A Passage to India’ by Forster Essay

By blind drunk analysis of the structure and language of chapter mavin discuss how Forster expresses his overall concerns inside the legend as a whole via this initial explanation of the Indian landscape.Through chapter one of A Passage to India Forster does far more than submit the small t take of Chandrapore. In this initial section of the novel the bend of the text reflects the tiered Indian society that becomes the basis for Forsters deeper geographic expedition of earthkind and human behaviour. In addition, the ominous significance of the Marabar Caves inside the novel is prefigured via the mysterious get wordry used to describe them. This is contrasted by the more plausive language which is used to describe the overarching flick that unifies all men and points towards a rely for the future of peaceful co-existence.At the beginning of the chapter the reader is original introduced to the Moslem aspect of Chandrapore, the lowest tier of the Indian society simply pe rhaps the most resilient. Here what Adela will later refer to as the Real India is depicted. Through vivid imagery the bea appears akin to a wasteland devoid of any significance. Even the holy river Ganges is draw as Trailing for a couple of milesscarcely distinguishable from the rubbish it deposits so freely. It is negative language such as this that creates a compound sense of desolation about the Real India. This of course is entirely obligatory in order for Forster to create and convey the contrast between the Indian and slope cultures which he believes to be incompatible in this context.Graphic and unpleasant language permeates the whole of this first section of the chapter creating a highly legal image of the squalor in which the Mohammedan Indians are condemned to live by their English rulers. The streets are Mean the Temples ineffective and the Filth of alleyways deters all simply the invited guest. By describing their quarter in such a way Forster makes the Muslim Indian wait almost sub-human to his readers, this of course, is how they are viewed by the English.They are remarked upon as Low but also as Indestructible. Despite their apparent privation of sophistication, the way in which, The general outline of the town persists comes to reflect the correspondent way in which the Muslim culture, although suppressed by the English, is based upon industrial-strength foundations of religious devotion and an inextinguishable spirit. Forster describes them as Swelling here shrink there and by doing so creates a actually evocative image which captures perfectly the way in which the Indian race move en-mass and in harmony, united in their angst to recapture their homeland.As Forster remarks, Inland the prospect alters and the Eurasiatic, Anglo-India draw in the second section of the theodolite could not present a more stark contrast to that of Islamic Chandrapore. Here the houses belonging to the Eurasians bear on high ground an important sy mbol which reflects the way in which the English believe themselves to be above the Indian race twain morally and intellectually. It is this attitude of ignorance and racial superiority which will be create and scathingly pingd by Forster as the novel progresses. Indeed it could be argued that valets unwillingness to understand one another is the underlying report behind the whole text and that in reality Adela and Mrs. Moores passage to India is in fact a deeper analogy for a more multifactorial passage of mankind towards mind itself.On a second full of land lies the Little civil station. As the focal point for Eurasian society it is remarked that, From hereChandrapore appears to be a totally different place. This card encapsulates the way in which the station and its social club both seem to be isolated from the persist of India. Immersed in a fantasy mankind of British high society the station itself is described as, Provoking no emotion and Sensibly planned. This epit omises the logical mindset of the English, which profoundly contrasts that of the weird Indian and highlights how even at a simple level of human understanding harmony is not possible between the two cultures creating the Muddle which is colonial India. Britains attitude of imposing herself upon other nations, typical of this time spot before partition, is something heavily attacked by Forster. Throughout the text he is seen to criticise England replicated in India because to him this is unnatural and false.During the entirety of this second section of the passage Forster adopts a tone of negativity towards the English. Their section of Chandrapore is described as, Sharing nothing with the rest of the city except the overarching pitch conveying the way in which they consciously isolate themselves from the Indians. In the overall context of the novel this image becomes very important. As gradually relations between the two races come to drip the alternate comes to be the only unifying element between Indian and Englishman. Further more, the way in which the image is echoed throughout the text seems to show the existence of a more powerful presence beyond man both physically and in terms of significance within the universe. It is Forsters belief that lastly the petty quarrels of man are meaningless in such a vast entity.The concluding section of the chapter is used by Forster to expand on the concept of the overarching sky. It is described as having a unforgiving blue core the stars Hanging like lamps from the immense vault which is the sky and it is elevated imagery such as this which comes to symbolise a hope for the future of mankind. In contrast to the muddle and misunderstanding which covers India and the rest of the earth, the sky instead represents an element which unifies all men.Its persistence represents a hope that one day all the problems of man explored within the novel will blench into insignificance. It could be argued the description o f the sky evokes an atmosphere akin to that of the Hindu religion. Forster remarks, The sky settles everything and indeed to Godbole and his fellow Hindus this is to a certain degree true. The unanswerable questions, the answers to which are sought by both Muslim and Christian are left(a) to be pondered by Godbole. He seeks to answer questions about his own spiritual existence and the natural world around him. As a top his passage within the novel becomes one of progression as contrary one to of retreat as is experienced by Aziz and Fielding.The Chapter ends with a final short image of the mysterious Marabar caves. All around League afterwards league the earth lies flat, yet in the south, A group of fists and fingers are thrust up through the soil. These fingers are the Marabar hills and seem to point cryptically towards the heavens above. The way in which they seem to separate themselves from their earthly surround suggests an equally unearthly presence about them. This of cour se will be proved true by the supernatural and inexplicable violation which Adela experiences within their walls. Dark and devoid of humanity they represent an aspect of India that the logical English will never be able to conquer.Therefore it is possible to discontinue that the first Chapter of A Passage to India can be regarded as a template for the novel as a whole. Almost all of Forsters overall concerns are indicated by its content and it is clear that the varied description of the Indian landscape comes to symbolise differences between those who inhabit the land.This disjointed twisting of society will only increase as the novel progresses ultimately leading to the personal retreat of the novels two chief(prenominal) characters, Aziz and Fielding whom are unable to stand out as individuals and pin down within the confines of their own cultures. It will be only the deeply spiritual Godbole who is shown to have made any real progress via his own Passage to India and of cours e Mrs. Moore, who despite her death becomes a symbol for hope by the way in which she is revered as a Hindu Goddess.BibliographyA Passage to India E.M. ForsterClassic notes www.classicnotes.com

Tuesday, January 22, 2019

Case Analysis Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd Essay

IntroductionThe Classification amongst an strong-minded contractor and employee has raise a reckon of issues by means ofout the past 50 years. Failing to pass water an effective formality to be applied by the motor inns to any crabby case, it has lead to commercial uncertainty through Australia. This essay get out digest Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) one hundred sixty CLR 16 closing projecting the high motor inn process in distinguishing between whether there was an kinship between the employer of employer/employee or employer/ separate contractor. concomitantsWhile motioning for Brodribb Sawmilling Co, Stevens and antiquated were employed by Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd as a trucker and snigger. During 1985, while Gray was moving a Log onto Stevens truck, the log fell off and rolled off the truck, as a result, Stevens was injured1. These truckers and sniggers employ their own vehicles, worked during the time they set out, were paid by the amount of timbe r delivered and did non deduct income tax installments2. Both employees owned and utilise their own equipment and vehicles, were never guaranteed work from the Sawmill3 and were free to seek former(a) work if factors such as the weather prevented them from working4.Issue1. To establish whether Gray and Stevens were employees or supreme contractors while employed by Sawmilling Co.Rationale DecidendiThe reasoned principle that the High Court applied in Stevens5, in regards to employee/independent contractor, was the multiple indicia political campaign. This test is drilld to identify a number of criteria that the court can use, when distinguishing between employees or contractors. In regards to Stevens, understand was weighed as the satisfying factor when deciding between employee/contractor during the case.Judgement and abstractStevens6 was held in favour of Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd, classifying the twain as independent contractors through the application of the indicia. The test was originally established in 1968 in the UK 7, recognising a number of criteria to be used when assessing relationships. The test was established in chemical reaction to a collapse of the previous test, the control test, which had been found to be more suited to the social conditions of earlier times, becoming obsolete in sophisticated society8. It was found that due to technological developments, the control test had become ill-matched with the retention of effective control9, as employees skills now exceed that of their employers 10. This meant by apply the application of the indicia test, Stevens would be able to determine the relationship between the two thespians.When applying the test in Stevens, the outcome of the courts decision failed to clarify which criteria was to be used when determining future cases. Stevens had adapted its ratio from previous cases, looking at the whole relationship between the individuals, making a decision on balance11 through the ap plication of the particular criteria the relationship of master and servant, mode of remuneration, purvey and maintenance of equipment, obligation to work, hours or work, deduction of income tax and the delegation of work by the employee12.This left a problem open for interpretation, the charge that the court applied to the different indicia on any particular case13. Previous cases earlier Stevens offered little help in defining the relationship between the employer and contractor, as the intelligent concept remains largely undefined except in terms of the various indicia, which varies between cases 14. In modern society legion(predicate) employers dont process the knowledge to be able to control their employees what to do, failing to address distinction between the relationship between employer/employee15. Stevens decision used control as the significant factor when determining control, advisement the balance in favor that they were contractors. Therefore, when attempting to make a judgement between employee/contractor, it can be misleading for future cases where control isnt the significant factor, as it is no more than a guide to the existence of the relationship between master and servant.Furthermore, Stevens was self-employed, therefore in performing his contract, he used his own tools, which indicates that he was not a servant16. However, Stevens places too little violence on what defines a contractors tools, which was seen in 2001 Hollis v Vabu17. The court applied the legal principles held in Stevens18, however held that the courier was an employee, not a contractor. Although the couriers provided their own tools and equipment, it rattling involved little capital outlay as such tools were not only capable for use as a courier, but could be used for other general purposes19. This provides a great example of the weight that Hollis places on another particular criteria that the test, when applied in Stevens, was able to effectively establish whether they were contractors, but left much open, leading to commercial uncertainty. restore on Subsequent CasesThe impacts that followed Stevens20 saw major changes in the Industrial dealing form 1988, the old-age pension take in charge Act 1992 and the liability to deduct be as your earn installments21. Businesses started avoiding the statutory obligations owed to their employees, saving up to 17% by classifying its employees as contractors22. Consequently an entirely new industry rose, attempting to take utility of the multi-test, structuring their business so it appe ard to be one of employer to independent contractor, then employer to employee23. The consequences of this was subsequently seen in Vabu v Taxation24, having avoided lodging superannuation guarantee statements, Vabu was found illegal of avoiding the minimum level of payment of superannuation for all of its couriers25.Future and commercial message implicationsThe commercial implications that arose form Ste vens26 found large corporations using the capacity of the Multi-Test to derogate social wage costs, providing legal validation for the businesses to classify employees as contractors27. These individuals became ease employees, still under the control of these corporations, with the formality of freedom as an unreal trap28.Therefore this has meant, that by applying Stevens multi-factor test, more times than less, the type of worker will be classified as an independent contractor, which means they will only have limited rights under the Act 29. By wrongfully labeling employees, it can have potentially serious consequences for the employer, opening up claims for foul dismissal, vicarious liability, potential prosecution and financial penalties, particular in regard to companys failure to pay tax30. The effect of Stevens has meant that many businesses argon now exposed to having to pay hundreds of thousands of dollars back to the government from past taxes31. goalIn conclusion t here seems that the Multi-Indicia test is without its faults, but it is without doubt that Stevens32 was an independent contractor. However without further legislation, further developments in regard to the employee or independent contractor will be limited to the interpretation of the test by future judges, as businesses will try and continue to avoid payments and needed benefits to its employees.BibliographyCase law of natureFederal Commissioner for Taxation v J Walter Thompson Pty Ltd (1944) 69 CLR 227 (at 231)Hollis V Vabu Pty Ltd (2001) 207 CLR 21Jackson & Wilson v Monadelphous Engineering Associates Pty Ltd (1997) 42 AILR 3-658Leichhardt Municipal Council v. Montgomery (2005) NSWCA 432 bring in Mixed Concrete ( second East) Ltd v parson of Pensions and National Insurance (1968) 2 QB 497Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) one hundred sixty CLR 16Translators Agency Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation (2011) FCA 366Vabu Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation (1996) 81 IR 150Vabu Pty Ltd V FC 96 ATC 4898Zuijs v Wirth Bros Pty Ltd (1955) 93 CLR 561Legislationfair Work Act 2009 (Cth)Independent Contractors Bill 2006 (Cth)Industrial Relations Act 1988 (Cth)Superannuation Guarantee (Administration) Act 1992 (Cth)Articles/Books/ daybooksCarrigan, F. A Blast From the past The revivification of Legal cant (2003) 27 (1) Melbourne University Law study 186-199Catanzanti, J. Two limbed test distinguishes employees from contractors (2011) 49 (6) Law Society journal 52-56Chan, T. E. Organisational Liability in a health care system (2010) 18 (3) Torts Law daybook, 228Chin, D. Losing Control the Difference Between Employees and Independent Contractors after Vabu v Commissioner of Taxation (1996) 52 Law Society Journal 52De Plevitz, L. reliant Contractors can the test from Stevens v Brodribb encourage workers who are quasi-employees? (1997) 13 Queensland University of engineering science Law Journal 263-275Franklin, G., Lilburne, R. Joint mesh Possibl e pitfalls with the use of labor movement guide in the resources industry (2005) Australian Mining and oil colour Law connecter yearbook 275-299Gava, J., Another beep from the past or why the left should twitch strict legalism a reply to Frank Carrigan 27 (1) (2003) Melbourne University Law Review 186-199Jay, D. J. Employees and Independent contractors, (1999) 73 Australian Law Journal Volume 30-34Lockton, D. Employment Law (4th ed. 2005) 137Marshall, B. Working it out Employee or independent contractor (2006) 12 (5) The National Legal Eagle 14-19Nieuwenhuysen, J. Towards flexibility in academic labour markets? (1985) 11 Australian Bulletin of Labour 271-81Steckfuss, K. The Regulation of Unpaid Superannuation Contributions The Inspector-General of Taxations Review into the ATOs Administration of the Superannuation Guarantee Charge (2011) 24 (3) Australian Journal of Labour Law 281-294Stuhmcke, A. all-important(a) Tort Law (2nd ed 2001)Terry, A. and Ginugni D. Business and t he law (5th ed 2009) 819- 8-20Vincent, R. What are the tax effects of incorporating legal practises? (2002) The Law Society of New South Wales 45Other SourcesAustralian Government, Fair Work Independent contractors and Employees Fact Sheet (2012) at 15 May 2012Australian Government, Facts sheets Independent Contractors (2012) http//www.abcc.gov.au/Factsheets/Independentcontractors/Pages/AmIanIndependentContractor.aspx> at 16 May 2012Australian Government, Independent Contractors The Essential Handbook (2012) at 12 May 2012pic1 De Plevitz, L. subject contractors can the test from Stevens v Brodribb protect workers who are quasi-employees? (1997) 13 Queensland University of applied science Law Journal 263-275 2 Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16 3 Gava, J., Another blast from the past or why the left should embrace strict legalism a reply to Frank Carrigan 27 (1) (2003) Melbourne University Law Review 186-199 4 De Plevitz, L. Dependent contractors can the t est from Stevens v Brodribb protect workers who are quasi-employees? (1997) 13 Queensland University of Technology Law Journal 263-275 5 Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 166 Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16 7 Ready Mixed Concrete (South East) Ltd v Minister of Pensions and National Insurance (1968) 2 QB 497 8 De Plevitz, L. Dependent contractors can the test from Stevens v Brodribb protect workers 9 Carrigan, F. A Blast From the Past The Resurgence of Legal Formalism (2003) 27 (1) Melbourne University Law Review 186-199 10 De Plevitz, L. Dependent contractors can the test from Stevens v Brodribb protect workers who are quasi-employees? (1997) 13 Queensland University of Technology Law Journal 263-275 11 Australian Government, Facts sheets Independent Contractors (2012) 12 Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16 13 Terry, A. and Ginugni D. Business and the law (5th ed 2009) 819- 8-20 14 Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16 15 Stuhmcke, A. Essential Tort Law (2nd ed 2001)16 Franklin, G., Lilburne, R. Joint Employment Possible pitfalls with the use of labour hire in the resources industry (2005) Australian Mining and Petroleum Law Association Yearbook 275-299 17 Hollis V Vabu Pty Ltd (2001) 207 CLR 2118 Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16 19 Franklin, G., Lilburne, R. Joint Employment Possible pitfalls with the use of labour hire in the resources industry (2005) Australian Mining and Petroleum Law Association Yearbook 275-299 20 Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16 21 Jay, D. J. Employees and Independent contractors, (1999) 73 Australian Law Journal Volume 30-34 22 De Plevitz, L. Dependent contractors can the test from Stevens v Brodribb protect workers who are quasi-employees? (1997) 13 Queensland University of Technology Law Journal 263-275 23 De Plevitz, L. Dependent contractors can the test from Stevens v Brodribb protect workers who are quasi-employees? (1997) 13 Queensland University of Technology Law Journal 263-275 24 Vabu Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation (1996) 81 IR 15025 Catanzanti, J. Two limbed test distinguishes employees from contractors (2011) 49 (6) Law Society Journal 52-56 26 Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16 27 Carrigan, F. A Blast From the Past The Resurgence of Legal Formalism (2003) 27 (1) Melbourne University Law Review 186-199 28 Carrigan, F. A Blast From the Past The Resurgence of Legal Formalism (2003) 27 (1) Melbourne University Law Review 186-199 29 Catanzanti, J. Two limbed test distinguishes employees from contractors (2011) 49 (6) Law Society Journal 52-56 30 Jackson & Wilson v Monadelphous Engineering Associates Pty Ltd (1997) 42 AILR 3-658 31 Translators Agency Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation (2011) FCA 366 32 Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16